Lamb performance was evaluated for three consecutive summer-early autumn periods on ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), chicory (Cichorium intybus), plantain (Plantago lanceolata) or lotus (Lotus corniculatus). Lamb liveweight gains, fasted liveweights at slaughter and hot carcass weights tended to be highest on legumes and chicory and lowest on plantain and ryegrass. Greasy wool weights were significantly higher on lotus and white clover than on chicory, plantain and ryegrass. Greasy wool weight was significantly related to fasted liveweight (R2=0.94-0.99). Protein (%) in herbage accounted for 83-92% of the variability in animal performance; food intake accounted for 57-69% of the variability and was negatively correlated with hemicellulose and cellulose (R2=97.2 and 80.9%, respectively). Thus quality of feed was more important than intake alone in determining animal performance. Keywords: carcass weight, Cichorium intybus, greasy wool weight, intake, lamb performance, Lotus corniculatus, Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens

Four separate experiments evaluating Grasslands Puna chicory (Cichorium intybus) are reported. Three of these experiments used animals to measure the quality while the fourth looked at establishment and persistence on summer dry areas in Southland. Liveweight gains both with calves and lambs were higher with Puna than could be expected with conventional pastures. In an autumn trial lambs grazing Puna grew over 70 g/head/day faster than those grazing rape. Grasslands Puna established and persisted when sown in pasture mixtures in Southland. Production was maintaned at a high level after three years of rotational grazing. Keywords: Cichorium intybus; pasture quality; herbage allowance; animal performance

This study aimed to develop calibrations for the measurement of pasture mass and pasture growth rate on sheep and beef pastures. Herbage within quadrats (0.12-0.2 m2) was measured with either an electronic rising plate meter (RPM) (n=2279), capacitance pasture meter (CPM) (n=693) or pasture ruler (n=2528) for the development of linear and curvilinear seasonal calibrations for pasture mass. Keywords: pasture mass, growth, rising plate meter, capacitance height, dead, dry matter, sheep, cattle

To determine the best method of pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country (>20o slope), four treatments were compared in one year on north and south aspects at four sites with contrasting climates and soil types. Sites were located in Waikato (1), Hawke's Bay (2) and Canterbury (1). The treatments included seed mix (grasses, legumes and herbs (GLH); legumes only (LEG)) and sowing time (spring; autumn). Six weeks after sowing, seedling establishment, as a percentage of viable seeds sown, was: i) greater on south than north aspects for perennial ryegrass (31% vs 18%) and birdsfoot trefoil (5% vs 4%); ii) greater for total sown species (14% vs 8%), subterranean clover (7% vs 4%) and red clover (25% vs 14%) in the GLH than LEG mix, but greater for white clover in the LEG than GLH mix (17% vs 8%); iii) greater in autumn than spring for perennial ryegrass (36% vs 13%) and total sown grasses (22% vs 9%) but greater in spring than autumn for lotus (6% vs 3%). Plantain established well in spring in summer-wet environments, while in summer-dry environments establishment was greater in autumn. Broadcasting seed on south aspects during autumn is likely to result in the highest establishment of sown grasses and legumes, but not necessarily of herbs. The trials were conducted in an unusually wet season. Repeating a subset of the treatments at these sites will provide a greater understanding of responses to climatic variation. Keywords: pasture renewal; pasture establishment; pasture mixtures; oversowing.

During 1997/98, a postal survey of 100 sheep and beef pastoral farms asked the farmers a range of questions based around pasture performance and their perceptions on persistence, and asked them to identify a persistent paddock on their farm. The farmers were then interviewed on the management of the chosen persistent paddock and the paddock was assessed for composition and fertility. The farmers ranked pasture species persistence fourth, behind pasture quality, animal health, and soil fertility in terms of importance to the whole farm system. The difference was significant between pasture quality and pasture persistence. The persistent pastures, as identified by the farmers, had high levels of desirable species and low levels of weeds and low-fertility volunteer species. The survey showed some pastures can persist and maintain high levels of desirable species for periods over 21 years. Fertility is a key factor in pasture persistence followed by drainage and grazing management. Keywords: farm management, farm survey, farmers' perceptions, interview, pasture persistence, species composition, soil fertility