Structural polymorphism of DNA has constantly been evolving from the time of illustration of the double helical model of DNA by Watson and Crick. A variety of non-canonical DNA structures have constantly been documented across the globe. DNA attracted worldwide attention as a carrier of genetic information. In addition to the classical Watson–Crick duplex, DNA can actually adopt diverse structures during its active participation in cellular processes like replication, transcription, recombination and repair. Structures like hairpin, cruciform, triplex, G-triplex, quadruplex, i-motif and other alternative non-canonical DNA structures have been studied at length and have also shown their in vivo occurrence. This review mainly focuses on non-canonical structures adopted by DNA oligonucleotides which have certain prerequisites for their formation in terms of sequence, its length, number and orientation of strands along with varied solution conditions. This conformational polymorphism of DNA might be the basis of different functional properties of a specific set of DNA sequences, further giving some insights for various extremely complicated biological phenomena. Many of these structures have already shown their linkages with diseases like cancer and genetic disorders, hence making them an extremely striking target for structure-specific drug designing and therapeutic applications.

CYP1A1 gene is involved in estrogen metabolism, and previously, we have reported association of variant rs2606345 with altered anti-epileptic drugs (AED) response in North Indian women with epilepsy (WWE). The present study aims to replicate the pharmacogenetic association, perform functional characterization and study its distribution within ethnically diverse Indian population. The variant was genotyped in 351 patients to assess the pharmacogenetic association and 552 healthy individuals belonging to 24 different ethnic groups to examine the distribution in Indian population. We observed significant overrepresentation of 'A' allele and 'AA' genotype in poor responders in WWE at Bonferroni-corrected significance levels. The recessive allele was found to lower the promoter activity by ~70-80% which was further substantiated by thermally less stable hairpin formed by it (ΔT=7 °C). Among all ethnic groups, west Indo-European (IE-W-LP2) subpopulation showed highest genotypic frequency of the variant making women from this community more prone to poor AED response. Our results indicate that rs2606345 influences drug response in WWE by lowering CYP1A1 expression.

Proteins as a biomolecule have been recognized as a "molecule with manifold biological functions". The functions not only include the structural, regulatory and transportation processes inside the body but also its capacity as an extremely specific catalyst for various biochemical reactions. Nature has been quite admirably using proteins as biocatalysts which are known as enzymes. Properties like higher reaction rate, good specificity, faster kinetics, production of lesser by-products and their non-hazardous nature make enzymes the most suitable targets for a process chemist to exploit. At the same time, limitations like a narrow range of substrates, requirement of coenzymes, lesser stability, smaller shelf-life, along with difficulties in procuring these enzymes, make this biocatalysis field quite challenging. For exploiting a broad range of applications related to therapeutics, biosensors, biotechnology, nanotechnology etc., de novo designing of proteins is of utmost importance. Enzymes with altered, specific and modified properties might be designed by utilizing the prior knowledge of structure and function of a protein with the help of computational modeling. Various protein engineering techniques like directed evolution, rational designing and immobilization strategies etc. have already been extensively used to address some of the issues. This review aims to update the repertoire of the advancements in the field of protein engineering, which can help in laying some guiding principles about designing, modifying and altering their usage for commercial industrial purposes. This possibility of effective and novel designing of peptides and proteins might further facilitate our understanding about the structure, function and folding patterns along with their inter-relationships. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Small size, stability, easy and inexpensive production, capability to migrate throughout the body, fast clearance from body and low immunogenicity, as well as the remarkable quality of peptides to mirror the change in protease expression or activation associated with a pathological process, have established them as a promising biomarker.

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