Context:Vaccination is considered as the most cost effective method for the prevention of human diseases. For this prevention method, we need certain substances to increase or boost the antibody as well as cell-mediated immune response against various bacterial as well as viral pathogens. Until now, alum was considered as the safest adjuvant for human use, licensed by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Due to the poor adjuvanticity of alum, conventional vaccines require multiple recall injections, at different time intervals, to attain or sustain the optimal immune response. The present review discusses about the necessity of adjuvants for vaccines. Evidence Acquisition: A number of factors such as slow release of antigen (depot effect), more efficient delivery of antigen to draining lymph nodes, non-specific activation of antigen-presenting cells or of B and/or T-lymphocytes, increased uptake of antigen by antigenpresenting cells or increased recruitment of immune cells to the site where the antigen is present, can contribute to increased immune responses to immunization. Many of these factors involve the interaction of various immune system components and specific anatomical features, making them difficult to replicate in model systems in vitro. Results: Despite the development of many potent adjuvant formulations with vaccine antigen during the last 80 -90 years, aluminum compounds are still the only approved adjuvants used for routine human vaccines. Conclusions: Based on pre-clinical and preliminary clinical observations, it appears that the range of adjuvants accepted for human vaccines will expand in the coming years.
As per the literature, medicinal plants showed enormous candidates who is responsible or showing antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory agents etc. Most of the research group focused only on those primary and secondary metabolites extracted from different medicinal plants and showed its antimicrobial (antiviral) activity against dreadful pathogens. The objective of our current study is to evaluate the cytotoxic and antiviral effect of aqueous leaves extract of Acacia catechu against new castle disease Virus (NDV) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For these studies, variable doses of aqueous leaves extract of Acacia catechu (0.5-30mg/mL, 50µL; dissolved in phosphate buffered saline, PBS) and examined its proliferation assay containing NDV and also determined CD14 monocyte surface marker in presence or absence of NDV using flow cytometry. The results showed that aqueous leaves extract of Acacia catechu inhibited NDV proliferation and also decline in CD14 monocyte surface marker with or without NDV at higher doses. Overall, aqueous extract of Acacia catechu at higher doses showed cytotoxic as well as antiviral effect and might be used for this purpose.
Summary Introduction: Numerous metabolites present in the aqueous extract from plants are responsible for inducing adjuvant activity against rubella and hepatitis B vaccine antigen (HBsAg). One of the medicinal plants, Adhatoda vasica has been pointed out with great potential of vaccine adjuvant property. Objective: The objective of our study is to evaluate the adjuvant potential of aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica against rubella and hepatitis B vaccine antigen (HBsAg). Methods: For these studies, our group evaluated the antibody (IgG) titre of HBsAg and rubella vaccine antigen using variable doses (0.625–5 mg) of aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica and also determined the lymphocyte (splenocyte) proliferation assay (0.625–5 mg; 50 μl) in mice model studies ex vivo (i.e. immunized with HBsAg subcutaneously). Results: The results showed that aqueous leaves extract showed anti-HBsAg and anti-rubella titre and also enhanced the lymphocyte proliferation assay at higher doses (5 mg) as compared to control. Conclusion: Aqueous leaves extract of Adhatoda vasica showed adjuvant activity against HBsAg and rubella vaccine antigen.
Aim:In India, dairy industries are important for the livelihood of small scale farmers and dairy owners. Tropical theileriosis, mostly affecting dairy cattle and buffaloes is a major threat to dairy and related industries. Tropical theileriosis is caused by Theileria annulata, a hemoprotozoan parasite transmitted by Ixodid ticks of Hyalomma spp. In the present study, we examined the clinical signs, hematological parameters and flow cytometric profile of whole blood in 30 theileriosis affected crossbred cattle. The aim of our study is to analyze, in comparison with clinical and hematological diagnosis, whether flow cytometry based profiling of leukocytes could be used as better, quick and alternative method for diagnosis and screening of bovine tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle.Materials and Methods:In this study, we screened parasites in 30 peripheral blood samples from clinical cases of theileriosis by Giemsa’s staining technique in crossbred cattle. Hematological analysis was done to estimate hemoglobin (Hb) content, total red blood cell (RBC) count, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count. Further, flow cytometric analysis of whole blood was carried out to study leukocytes profile in affected cattle.Results:Microscopic examination of stained blood films revealed the presence of piroplasms in erythrocytes and schizonts in lymphocytes. Hematological examination revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease of Hb percent (Hb %), reduced total RBC and total leukocytes, lymphocytosis, eosinopenia, and neutropenia compared to that of apparently healthy cattle. Flow cytometric profiling of leukocytes revealed the severe effect on shape, size, and granularity of leukocytes, marked decrease in granulocytes and 3-5 fold increase in lymphocytes count compared to clinically healthy cattle. Thus, in both methods, namely conventional and flow cytometric analysis, marked lymphocytosis and decrease in other blood cell counts were observed compared to clinically healthy cattle.Conclusions:From results, it can be concluded that though conventional staining techniques and hematology are efficient in diagnosis of theileriosis, leukocytes profiling based on flow cytometry combined with clinical examination could be a quick, novel and alternative method for diagnosis and screening of clinical tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle. Thus, there is potential to offer a flow cytometry based diagnostic service for tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle.
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