Background Cyberbullying is a global public health concern with tremendous negative impacts, not only on the physical and mental health of students but also on their well-being and academic performance. However, there are very few studies on cyberbullying among university students, especially in Myanmar. This study aims to determine the percentage of university students who suffered cyberbullying victimization in the last 12 months, and the association between students' socio-demographic characteristics, adverse events following cyberbullying and cyberbullying victimization.

Background Globally, alcohol consumption is a significant public health concern and it is one of the most important risk behaviours among university students. Alcohol consumption can lead to poor academic performance, injuries, fights, use of other substances, and risky sexual behaviours among students. However, the study explored the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the associated risk factors among university students since these have not been fully examined in previous research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the associated risk factors among university students in Myanmar. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 15-24-year-old university students who were selected from six universities in Mandalay, Myanmar, in August 2018. In total, 3,456 students (males: 1,301 and females: 2,155) were recruited and asked to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for alcohol consumption among university students. Results The prevalence of alcohol consumption in the previous 30 days was 20.3% (males: 36.0%, females: 10.8%). The alcohol consumption was significantly higher among males

BackgroundMethamphetamine (MA) use is a significant public health concern due to its negative effects on health. However, to date, no epidemiological research has examined high-risk sexual behaviors (inconsistent condom use, having multiple sexual partners and having a history of sexually transmitted infections) among MA users. This topic is particularly important in Myanmar, which is recognized as one of the key MA production countries in the Southeast Asia region. Therefore, this study examined factors associated with high-risk sexual behaviors among MA users in Muse city, Myanmar.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2013 in Muse city, Northern Shan State, Myanmar. In total, 1183 MA users (772 male; 411 female) were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and a computer assisted self-interviewing method. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine factors associated with high-risk sexual behaviors.ResultsA large proportion of MA users engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors (inconsistent condom use: males, 90.7%, females, 85.2%; multiple sexual partners: males, 94.2%, females, 47.2%; and history of STIs: males, 55.7%, females, 56.0%). Among males, being a multiple stimulants drug user (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.30–2.41) and being a client of sex workers (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.08–1.83) were risk factors for engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors. Among females, being a migrant worker (AOR = 2.70; 95% CI = 1.86–3.93) and being employed (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.13–2.18) were risk factors for engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors as well.ConclusionsHigh-risk sexual behaviors were particularly pronounced among both male and female MA users. MA prevention programs that reflect gender considerations should be developed to pay more attention to vulnerable populations such as migrants, clients of sex workers, and less educated female MA users.

Background: Myanmar is listed as one of the countries with the highest burden of tuberculosis and HIV infections (TB-HIV) in the world. However, the survival rate and risk factors for mortality among TB-HIV co-infected patients in the country remain unstudied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine these factors. Methods: A 12-year retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 3598 TB-HIV co-infected patients (2452 male and 1146 female) aged 15 years and above, enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) from July 1, 2005 to December 31, 2016. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Survival rates at the beginning of ART were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 494 (13.7%) patients died during this period. The survival rate of TB-HIV co-infected patients was 82.0% at 5 years and 58.1% at 10 years. The risk factors for mortality were being bedridden (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.13-3.42), having a low baseline CD4 count (aHR 1.53, 95% CI 1.25-1.87), and being on a second-line ART regimen (aHR 8.12, 95% CI 3.56-18.54). Conclusions: Two out of five TB-HIV patients died within 10 years after ART initiation. Current HIV prevention and treatment programs should focus more on bedridden patients, those on second-line ART, and those with low baseline CD4 counts.

BackgroundCost information is important for efficient allocation of healthcare expenditure, estimating future budget allocation, and setting user fees to start new financing systems. Myanmar is in political transition, and trying to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. This study assessed the unit cost of healthcare services at two public hospitals in the country from the provider perspective. The study also analyzed the cost structure of the hospitals to allocate and manage the budgets appropriately.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at 200-bed Magway Teaching Hospital (MTH) and Pyinmanar General Hospital (PMN GH), in Myanmar, for the financial year 2015–2016. The step-down costing method was applied to calculate unit cost per inpatient day and per outpatient visit. The costs were calculated by using Microsoft Excel 2010.ResultsThe unit costs per inpatient day varied largely from unit to unit in both hospitals. At PMN GH, unit cost per inpatient day was 28,374 Kyats (27.60 USD) for pediatric unit and 1,961,806 Kyats (1908.37 USD) for ear, nose, and throat unit. At MTH, the unit costs per inpatient day were 19,704 Kyats (19.17 USD) for medicine unit and 168,835 Kyats (164.24 USD) for eye unit. The unit cost of outpatient visit was 14,882 Kyats (14.48 USD) at PMN GH, while 23,059 Kyats (22.43 USD) at MTH. Regarding cost structure, medicines and medical supplies was the largest component at MTH, and the equipment was the largest component at PMN GH. The surgery unit of MTH and the eye unit of PMN GH consumed most of the total cost of the hospitals.ConclusionThe unit costs were influenced by the utilization of hospital services by the patients, the efficiency of available resources, type of medical services provided, and medical practice of the physicians. The cost structures variation was also found between MTH and PMN GH. The findings provided the basic information regarding the healthcare cost of public hospitals which can apply the efficient utilization of the available resources.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-017-2619-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.