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The hemodialysis graft surveillance program resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of graft thrombosis. Although primary patency rates after PTA were low, repeated PTA of detected stenoses allowed good primary assisted patency rates.

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In this group, symptoms were usually the result of inflow or outflow arterial disease, alone or in combination with graft steal. Transcatheter therapy (angioplasty or embolization) is effective in selected cases.