Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of antibiotic resistance, contributing to morbidity and mortality.  Herein, evaluation of bacterial isolates from patients with wound discharge was performed and drug susceptibility patterns examined, with a goal of deciphering antibacterial resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March to June 2022, in which samples were collected from patients with chronic wounds and were inoculated into appropriate media for identification and characterization. The bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. Shockingly, the majority of wound isolates showed positive growth in microbial analysis with high prevalence in male candidates. Further, Staphylococcus aureus 28 (20.7%) was identified as the most predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. 20 (14.8%), P. aeruginosa spp. 10 (14.8%) and lastly E. coli 6 (4.4%) bacteria in the wound isolates while cotrimoxazole 13 (48.1%) followed by clindamycin 7 (25.9%) and erythromycin 7 (25.9%) were the most antibacterial resistant drugs to both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Out of the four isolates, 3 (75%) isolates were able to produce the haemolysin and protease and 2 (50%) isolates were able to produce the lipase and phospholipase.   The findings herein form a clinical basis for identification of antimicrobial resistance in chronic wounds that can be applied in responsible use of antibacterial in chronic wound management and as an illumination in development of more potent antibiotics for chronic wound treatment

Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome resulting to morbidity and mortality. This study is aimed at characterizing, incidence, susceptibility, resistance genes, antibiofilm activity, and virulence traits of Candida species isolated from HIV-Infected patients. One hundred and eighty-one samples were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, biochemical tests and confirmed using automated Vitek-2 ® Compact bioMérieux followed by susceptibility tests, done by use of various conventional antifungals against the isolates using standard procedures. Virulence factors, biofilm formations and resistance genes of Candida strains were determined. Out of the 181 samples, 46 were identified as Candida spp., 20 C. albicans (43.5%), 6 C. tropicalis (13.0%), 8 C. krusei (17.4%), 4 C. glabrata (8.7%), 3 C. famata (6.5%), 3 C. parapsilosis (6.5%), and 2 C. guilliermondii (4.3%). All the Candida albicans isolated were both Gram positive and Germ test tube test positive. Eighteen (90%) of the isolates were susceptible to Clotrimazole at a concentration of 5 μg/mL – 10μg/mL followed by 17 (85%) isolates to Panosoconazole at a concentration of 0.002 μg/mL – 5μg/mL. Eight (40.0%) of the Candida albicans isolates possessed the gene (cdr1) that was observed at 286 bp. Virulence enzymes was determined in which 100% produced Haemolysin, followed by proteinase (75.0%), phospholipase (50%), coagulase at (50%) and lastly capsulase (25.0%). Fluconazole and Clotrimazole did not inhibit growth of C. albicans at high concentrations but from our study, it was deduced that they inhibit biofilm formation at lower concentrations. C. albicans isolates were resistant to multiple antifungal including those commonly used in the management on HIV/AIDs patient. This attributed to resistant genes and produced various virulence factors that were found to be present in the isolates. Therefore, there is a need to carry out regular surveillance on antifungal drug resistance.

There is an alarming increase in antibiotic resistance especially on common bacterial infections that could be attributed to extensive unregulated use of antibiotics.   Continuous strategic monitoring of antibiotic use and AMR trends becomes imperative. This serves as a motivation to a thorough evaluation of wound isolates for relevant bacteria and assessing their drug susceptibility patterns, which we report herein. This cross-sectional study aimed to decipher antibacterial resistance by examining samples collected from patients with chronic wounds seeking medication at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH). Standard microbiological methods were employed to identify and characterize the bacterial pathogens. Analysis of the wound isolates revealed a significant presence of microbial growth, with a higher prevalence of59% isolates in male patients. Staphylococcus aureus 20.7%emerged as the most predominant pathogen, followed by Klebsiella spp.14.8%, P. aeruginosa spp. 14.8%, and E. coli 4.4% in the wound samples. Notably, Cotrimoxazole exhibited the highest antibacterial resistance 48.1%, followed by Clindamycin 25.9% and Erythromycin 25.9%, affecting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, among the isolates, 75% were capable of producing haemolysin and protease, while 50% produced lipase and phospholipase, factors that enhance virulence and survival. These findings provide crucial insights into antimicrobial resistance in chronic wounds, emphasizing the importance of responsible antibacterial use in wound management. Additionally, they shed light on the need for developing more potent antibiotics for effectively treating chronic wounds.

Extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections has led to a challenge of antibiotic resistance, contributing to morbidity and mortality.  Herein, evaluation of bacterial isolates from patients with wound discharge was performed and drug susceptibility patterns examined, with a goal of deciphering antibacterial resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May to August 2022, in which samples were collected from patients with chronic wounds and were inoculated into appropriate media for identification and characterization. The bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. The majority of wound isolates showed positive growth in microbial analysis with high prevalence in male candidates. Further, Staphylococcus aureus 28 (20.7%) was identified as the most predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. 20 (14.8%), P. aeruginosa spp. 10 (14.8%) and lastly E. coli 6 (4.4%) bacteria in the wound isolates while cotrimoxazole 13 (48.1%) followed by clindamycin 7 (25.9%) and erythromycin 7 (25.9%) were the most antibacterial resistant drugs to both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Out of the four isolates, 3 (75%) isolates were able to produce the haemolysin and protease and 2 (50%) isolates were able to produce the lipase and phospholipase.   The findings herein form a clinical basis for identification of antimicrobial resistance in chronic wounds that can be applied in responsible use of antibacterial in chronic wound management and as an illumination in development of more potent antibiotics for chronic wound treatment.

Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in hospitalized patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome resulting to morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at characterizing, incidence, susceptibility, resistance genes, antibiofilm activity, and virulence traits of Candida species isolated from HIV-Infected patients. One hundred and eighty-one samples were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, biochemical tests and confirmed using automated Vitek-2® Compact bioMérieux followed by susceptibility tests. were done by use of various conventional antifungals against the isolates using standard procedures. Virulence factors, biofilm formations and resistance genes of Candida strains were determined. Out of the 181 samples, 46 were identified as Candida spp., 20 C. albicans (43.5%), 6 C. tropicalis (13.0%), 8 C. krusei (17.4%), 4 C. glabrata (8.7%), 3 C. famata (6.5%), 3 C. parapsilosis (6.5%), and 2 C. guilliermondii (4.3%). All the Candida albicans isolated were both Gram positive and Germ test tube test positive. Eighteen (90%) of the isolates were susceptible to Clotrimazole at a concentration of 5 μg/mL – 10μg/mL followed by 17 (85%) isolates to Panosoconazole at a concentration of 0.002 μg/mL – 5μg/mL. Eight (40.0 %) of the Candida albicans isolates possessed the gene (cdr1) that was observed at 286 bp. Virulence enzymes was determined in which 100% produced Haemolysin, followed by proteinase (75.0%), phospholipase (50%), coagulase at (50%) and lastly capsulase (25.0%). Fluconazole and Clotrimazole did not inhibit growth of C. albicans at high concentrations but from our study, it was deduced that they inhibit biofilm formation at lower concentrations. C. albicans isolates were resistant to multiple antifungal including those commonly used in the management on HIV/AIDs patient. This attributed to resistant genes and produced various virulence factors that were found to be present in the isolates. Therefore, there is a need to carry out regular surveillance on antifungal drug resistance.