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Objective. Because treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists may increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB), and because knowledge of the risk of TB in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) not treated with biologics is scarce and of uncertain generalizability to low-risk populations, this study sought to determine the risk of TB among Swedish patients with RA.Methods. Using data from Swedish nationwide and population-based registers and data from an ongoing monitoring program of TNF antagonists, the rela- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a major role in host defense against tuberculosis (TB) (1). The frequencies of TB in phase III trials of TNF antagonists (infliximab [2] and adalimumab [3]) have suggested that treatment with TNF antagonists (infliximab in particu-