Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women globally. Various markers have been identified in breast cancer tissue, including estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Ki67, and adipokine. The most crucial mediator in the relationship between obesity and breast cancer is leptin, which encourages the initiation, development, growth, and spread of tumors. Breast cancer development and progression are significantly influenced by leptin, which is present in both blood and tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the association between leptin immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression in tissue sections and leptin plasma levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and correlate this with clinicopathological parameters. Methods: A laboratory observational cross-sectional study was conducted over 18 months. Tissue sections of invasive ductal breast carcinoma cases were collected for IHC leptin expression, and plasma leptin levels of the same cases were estimated by ELISA. The association of IHC leptin expression and plasma leptin levels with other clinicopathological parameters was determined. All data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software. Results: Among the study population of 52 cases, 92.3% showed IHC leptin positivity. Plasma leptin levels ranged from 13.21 -79.54 ng/ml with a mean of 40.92 ± 20.05 ng/ml. The association of IHC leptin expression and plasma leptin levels was not statistically significant. Among the various clinicopathological parameters studied, the associations of IHC leptin expression with the size (p value-0.04) and stage (p value-0.05) of the tumor were statistically significant. ELISA leptin levels related to parity (p-value 0.04), estrogen receptors (p-value 0.01), and progesterone receptors (pvalue 0.005) were statistically significant. Conclusion: IHC leptin positivity was identified in 92.3% of cases. The mean plasma ELISA leptin level was 40.92 ± 20.05 ng/ml. IHC leptin expression had a statistically significant association with the size and stage of the tumor, while plasma ELISA leptin levels had a statistically significant association with parity, estrogen, and progesterone receptors.
BACKGROUND Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults. Risk stratification in these patients remains challenging even today. There is a need for a readily available simple prognostic method to categorise these patients and predict the morbidity. We intend to measure and correlate red cell distribution width and total leucocyte count in patients presenting with trauma, within 24 hours of injury, with the outcome. METHODS We included 52 haemodynamically stable, previously healthy, trauma patients who were admitted from November 2019 to April 2020, who did not require emergency surgery and analysed them prospectively. Complete blood picture obtained within 24 hours of injury was analysed in terms of correlation with outcome. The outcome was measured in terms of length of hospital stay. Correlations were performed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation between total leucocyte count (TLC) and length of hospital stay (P < 0.001). The positive correlation found between red cell distribution width (RDW) and length of hospital stay was not statistically significant. The analysis showed that high leucocyte count and red cell distribution width done within 24 hours of injury, increased patients’ stay in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS TLC and RDW can be used as readily available and simple markers, as an adjunct in early prediction of higher morbidity in patients presenting with trauma. KEY WORDS Injuries, Polytrauma, Blood Cell Count, Leucocytosis, Red Cell Indices
BACKGROUND: Survival studies may serve as benchmarks to develop cancer-related policies and estimate baseline survival rates in a given patient population AIM: To study the trends of breast cancer and its management in rural areas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted between period of September 2018 to august 2019 for the period of 1 year RESULTS: Most common age group involved was 41-50 years with mean age of 49.7 years which shows the importance of regular screening for the patient in premenopausal state. Most common surgery performed was modied radical mastectomy with breast conservative surgery performed only for 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of auditing institutional data cannot be stressed more strongly to help understand better, the benets of current practices based on evidence. It also serves as a benchmark for comparing outcomes following further improvements in practices that can be brought into patient care with advancing technology and medical treatment
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