Spin-based logic architectures provide nonvolatile data retention, near-zero leakage, and scalability, extending the technology roadmap beyond complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) logic [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Architectures based on magnetic domain-walls take advantage of fast domain-wall motion, high density, non-volatility, and flexible design in order to process and store information 1,3,14-16 . Such schemes, however, rely on domain-wall manipulation and clocking using an external magnetic field, which limits their implementation in dense, large scale chips. Here we demonstrate a concept to perform allelectric logic operations and cascading in domain-wall racetracks. We exploit the chiral coupling between neighbouring magnetic domains induced by the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction 17-20 to realize a domain-wall inverter, the essential basic building block in all implementations of Boolean logic. We then fabricate reconfigurable NAND and NOR logic gates, and perform operations with current-induced domain-wall motion. Finally, we cascade several NAND gates to build XOR and full adder gates, demonstrating electrical control of magnetic data and device interconnection in logic circuits. Our work provides a viable platform for scalable all-electric magnetic logic, paving the way for memory-in-logic applications.
Magnetic skyrmions are topological solitons that exhibit an increased stability against annihilation [1,2], and can be displaced with low current densities [3], making them a promising candidate as an information carrier [1]. In order to demonstrate a viable skyrmion-based memory device, it is necessary to reliably and reproducibly nucleate, displace, detect, and delete the magnetic skyrmions. While the skyrmion displacement [4-7] and detection [8,9] have both been investigated in detail, much less attention has been dedicated to the study of the sub-ns dynamics of the skyrmion nucleation process. Only limited studies on the statics [10, 11] and above-ns dynamics [12] have been performed, leaving still many open questions on the dynamics of the nucleation process. Furthermore, the vast majority of the presently existing studies focus on the nucleation from random natural pinning sites [10,12], or from patterned constrictions in the magnetic material itself [10,11], which limit the functionality of the skyrmion-based device. Those limitations can be overcome by the fabrication of a dedicated injector device on top of the magnetic material [13]. In this study, we investigate the nucleation of magnetic skyrmions from a dedicated nano-engineered injector, demonstrating the reliable magnetic skyrmion nucleation at the remnant state. The sub-ns dynamics of the skyrmion nucleation process were also investigated, allowing us to shine light on the physical processes driving the nucleation.
The ability to experimentally map the three-dimensional structure and dynamics in bulk and patterned three-dimensional ferromagnets is essential both for understanding fundamental micromagnetic processes, as well as for investigating technologically-relevant micromagnets whose functions are connected to the presence and dynamics of fundamental micromagnetic structures, such as domain walls and vortices. Here, we demonstrate time-resolved magnetic laminography, a technique which offers access to the temporal evolution of a complex threedimensional magnetic structure with nanoscale resolution. We image the dynamics of the complex three-dimensional magnetization state in a two-phase bulk magnet with a lateral spatial resolution of 50 nm, mapping the transition between domain wall precession and the dynamics of a uniform magnetic domain that is attributed to variations in the magnetization state across the phase boundary. The capability to probe three-dimensional magnetic structures with temporal resolution paves the way for the experimental investigation of novel functionalities arising from dynamic phenomena in bulk and three-dimensional patterned nanomagnets.One Sentence Summary: Nanoscale dynamics of a three-dimensional magnetic system are revealed with pump-probe magnetic laminography. Main Text:Understanding and controlling the dynamic response of magnetic materials with a threedimensional magnetization distribution is important both fundamentally and for technological applications. From a fundamental point of view, the internal structure and reversal phenomena in known bulk materials still need to be mapped [1], along with the dynamic properties of topological structures such as vortices [2], magnetic singularities [3] or skyrmion lattices [4]. From a technological point of view, the response of inductive materials to magnetic fields and spin-polarized currents is essential for magnetic sensors and data storage devices [5].In addition to bulk systems, curved and three-dimensional magnetic structures such as nanotubes and nanowire-based systems have been predicted to exhibit dynamic properties markedly
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