The measures of tortuosity and width in CAIAR were validated using sequential model vessel analysis. On comparison of CAIAR output with assessments made by expert ophthalmologists, CAIAR correlates moderately with tortuosity grades, but less well with width grades. CAIAR offers the opportunity to develop an automated image analysis system for detecting the vascular changes at the posterior pole, which are becoming increasingly important in diagnosing treatable ROP.

PURPOSE. Few studies have assessed optic disk and retinal morphology in infants. Here the optic disk and optic disk-to-fovea distance were measured in preterm and full-term infants in vivo. METHODS. Optic disk (OD) dimensions and the center-to-center distance between the OD and the macula were measured using digital imaging in infants undergoing routine ophthalmic examinations. Postmenstrual age of the mother at the time of examination ranged from 32 to 50 weeks. From each image, the OD-to-fovea distance (ODF) and the OD height (ODH) and OD width (ODW) were measured. RESULTS. In 51 retinal images from 51 infants, mean Ϯ SD values obtained were 4.4 Ϯ 0.4 mm (ODF), 1.41 Ϯ 0.1 9 mm (ODH), and 1.05 Ϯ 0.13 mm (ODW). These dimensions did not change significantly over the age range studied. The mean value for the ratio between ODF and mean OD diameter (ODF/DD) was 3.76. CONCLUSIONS. Results of this in vivo study suggest that though the optic nerve head diameter increases by more than 50%, only limited growth occurs at the highly organized area of the posterior pole from birth to adulthood. This study discusses the finding of a large-angle kappa in infants and the use of a disk macula/disk diameter ratio in the diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia.

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The term “Dad Bod” first emerged in a 2015 article by college student Pearson and initially described a young male physique that balances fat and muscle and also connotes a relaxed lifestyle involving ample amounts of beer and pizza. The term has since gained in popularity and entered the household lexicon, often in relation to early-middle-aged men. Using Scott’s theory of “performative regulation” and digital articles from men’s health and fitness magazines, blogs, and other popular media outlets, this article examines connections between the Dad Bod and female sexual desire, health, well-being, men’s body positivity, and masculinity. The Dad Bod speaks to profound tensions in neoliberal society which men navigate in a range of ways by ignoring, resisting, and/or embodying this identity.