Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), one of the main crops domesticated in the Andean highlands 1,000 of years ago, played an important role as a protein source. 35 germplasm accessions collected along the Northwest Argentina (NWA) region were studied using 22 microsatellite (SSR) markers. Results showed a great level of genetic diversity, differing from previous reports about the geographical distribution of quinoa variability. All SSR loci analysed were highly polymorphic detecting a total of 354 alleles among all populations, with an average of 16 alleles per locus. Cluster analyses grouped the accessions into four main clusters at the average genetic distance level (0.80), each of which represented a different environment of the NWA region: Puna (UHe = 0.42, ±0.07 SE), Dry Valleys (UHe = 0.27, ±0.05 SE), Eastern Humid Valleys (UHe = 0.16, ±0.04 SE) and a transition area with high altitudes between the last two environments (UHe = 0.25, ±0.03 SE). An eastward decreasing genetic diversity gradient was found. AMOVA analyses showed a strong genetic structure: a high population subdivision relative to the grouping by region (Fsr = 0.47) together with a high genetic differentiation among populations (Fst = 0.58) and a heterozygous defect (Fis = 0.63) in each of them. The variability structure, a reflection of the structure of the NWA landscapes, is discussed in connection with environmental variables.
Carotenoids play essential biological roles in plants, and genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway are evolutionarily conserved. Orange sweetpotato is an important source of β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. In spite of this, only a few research studies have focussed on the molecular aspects of carotenoid genes regarding their specific sequence and structure. In this study, we used published carotenoid gene sequences from Ipomoea and other species for "exon-primed intron-crossing" approaches. Fifteen pairs of primers representing six carotenoid genes were designed for different introns, eleven of which amplified scorable and reproducible alleles. The sequence of PCR products showed high homology to the original ones. Moreover, the structure and sequence of the introns and exons from five carotenoid structural genes were partially defined. Intron length polymorphism and intron single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in amplified sequences. Marker dosages and allelic segregations were analysed in a mapping population. The developed markers were evaluated in a set of Ipomoeas batatas accessions so as to analyse genetic diversity and conservation applicability. Using CG strategy combined with EPIC-PCR technique, we developed carotenoid gene markers in sweetpotato. We reported the first set of polymorphic Candidate Gene markers for I. batatas, and demonstrated transferability in seven wild Ipomoea species. We described the sequence and structure of carotenoid genes and introduced new information about genomic constitution and allele dosage.
This test was safe, cheap, and easily implemented without requiring hospitalization. This research could represent a significant step forward to diagnose and rapidly detect drug-resistant TB in children.
KeywordsIpomoea batatas; morphological descriptors; skin and flesh colour; sweetpotato. Correspondence M.M. Manifesto, Instituto de Recursos Biológicos CIRN-INTA-Argentina, N Repetto y Los Reseros s/n., AbstractThe knowledge about the distribution of descriptors of a collection constitutes a useful tool for the management of genetic resources. The object of this work was to evaluate the composition and morphological characterisation of the 'in vitro' collection kept at the Gene Bank of the Biological Resources Institute (IRB), INTA Castelar, Argentina, to establish conservation criteria and make available useful data for breeding programmes. This collection, comprising 310 sweetpotato clones, includes landraces, worldwide clones, commercial varieties and breeding material. The descriptors, which presented the highest correlation values, were leaf lobe types, the shape of central leaf lobes and general leaf outline. Cluster analyses showed eight major groups with an average similarity of 0.42 (SE ± 0.005). About 76% of the clones presented unique morphology, whereas 34% of them were distributed in 22 groups that could not be distinguished with this technique. Worldwide germplasm formed a separate group with values of diversity higher than those of the Argentinean clones and no duplicates. A projection of the phenotypic variation among cultivars was obtained through Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoorA), which confirmed the results obtained by UPGMA analysis, predominant skin colour, secondary skin colour, number of leaf lobes, general leaf outline, petiole pigmentation and predominant colour of vine were the variables that made the highest contribution. Collection composition in reference to flesh and skin colour was also analysed.
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