Current immunohistochemistry methods for diagnosing abnormal cells, such as cancer cells, require multiple steps and can be relatively slow compared with intraoperative frozen hematoxylin and eosin staining, and are therefore rarely used for intraoperative examination. Thus, there is a need for novel rapid detection methods. We previously demonstrated that functionalized fluorescent ferrite beads (FF beads) magnetically promoted rapid immunoreactions. The aim of this study was to improve the magnetically promoted rapid immunoreaction method using antibody-coated FF beads and a magnet subjected to a magnetic field. Using frozen sections of xenograft samples of A431 human epidermoid cancer cells that express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-EGFR antibody-coated FF beads, we reduced the magnetically promoted immunohistochemistry procedure to a 1-min reaction and 1-min wash. We also determined the optimum magnetic force for the antibody reaction (from 7.79 × 10−15 N to 3.35 × 10−15 N) and washing (4.78 × 10−16 N), which are important steps in this technique. Furthermore, we stained paraffin-embedded tissue arrays and frozen sections of metastatic breast cancer lymph nodes with anti-pan-cytokeratin antibody-coated FF beads to validate the utility of this system in clinical specimens. Under optimal conditions, this ultra-rapid immunostaining method may provide an ancillary method for pathological diagnosis during surgery. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:XXX–XXX, 2010)
New laparoscopic sentinel lymph node navigation using a dedicated magnetic probe and magnetic nanoparticle tracer for gastric cancer patients allows minimally invasive surgeries. By identifying the sentinel lymph nodes containing magnetic nanoparticles, patients can avoid excessive lymph node extraction without nuclear facilities and radiation exposure. This paper describes the development of the laparoscopic magnetic probe, ACDC-probe, for laparoscopic sentinel lymph node identification utilizing the nonlinear response of the magnetic nanoparticles magnetized by an alternating magnetic field with a static magnetic field. For highly sensitive detection, the ratio of static to alternating magnetic fields was optimized to approximately 5. The longitudinal detection length was approximately 10 mm for 140 μg of iron, and the detectable amount of iron was approximately 280 ng at a distance of 1 mm. To demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic detection using the ACDC-probe and magnetic tracers, an experiment was performed on a wild swine. The gastric sentinel lymph node was clearly identified during laparoscopic navigation. These results suggest that the newly developed ACDC-probe is useful for laparoscopic sentinel lymph node detection and this magnetic technique appears to be a promising method for future sentinel lymph node navigation of gastric cancer patients.
The silicide formation characteristics from composition profiles created on Si by codepositions was investigated. It was shown that a thin interfacial amorphous TiSix layer, with x∼0.5–1, deposited between Si and the Ti film led to a significant reduction in the observed C49→C54 TiSi2 transformation temperature. The presence of the amorphous interfacial TiSix layer slowed down the initial silicidation rate, but promoted the nucleation of the final C54 TiSi2 phase. Predeposition and preannealing were also found to facilitate the growth of C54 TiSi2, as was growth from codeposited full TiSix layers with Ti-rich compositions. The efficacy of the (interfacial) TiSix layer was demonstrated for different temperature ramp rates and for a variety of substrates including undoped α-Si, preamorphized n+-Si, and preamorphized p+-Si. But this effect was found to be absent on single crystal Si. Possible mechanisms of the observed effects were discussed.
Copper (Cu)/low-k interconnects were fabricated using novel Cu diffusion-barrier SiC films deposited with a novel precursor, 1,1-divinylsilacyclopentane (DVScP). At 46% overetching time, the yield of the via-contact with the dielectric barrier of conventional SiC films was seriously reduced, while that of the novel SiC films was hardly reduced. By using the novel SiC films, the thickness of diffusion barriers was successfully reduced to 15 nm, matching the 32 nm node and beyond. By using the novel SiC films, the dielectric constant of the barrier films was decreased and their thickness was reduced with no yield reduction of the via-contact. As a result, the product of wiring resistance and capacitance (RC product) was reduced by 11.4%. The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) lifetime of Cu interconnects with the SiC films was similar to that with the SiCO films. #
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