In view of the coal burst induced by roof breakage in the steeply inclined coal seam (SICS) roadway and its mechanism, a mechanical model was established to investigate the distribution of dynamic and static stresses in the coal seam before and after the breakage of a thick hard roof. The aim of this research is to study failure laws of SICS roadways under the superposition of dynamic load induced by roof breakage and asymmetric static load. For this purpose, response characteristics including acoustic emission (AE), static stress, and acceleration were analyzed by applying different dynamic loads to different horizontal slices with a self-made similarity simulation test apparatus under combined dynamic and static loads. The theoretical model and simulation results were verified by analyzing characteristics of coal burst occurrence in the field, microseismic (MS) events, and tomographic imaging of microseismic waves. The study demonstrates the following: (1) The abutment pressure of the roof plays a dominant role in stress distribution of the coal seam slice before the breakage of the thick hard roof with the stress of the roof roadway (Rr) being obviously higher than that of the floor roadway (Rf). (2) High-energy MS events and AE events are concentrated on the roof side after the breakage of the thick hard roof, and coal bursts are more easily induced by the superposition of high dynamic and static stresses on the roof side. Coal burst in the roadway is jointly determined by dynamic and static stresses. Under the same static stress, response characteristics increase with the rise of intensity of dynamic loads. When dynamic stress is the same, coal burst easily occurs in the roadway with high static stress.
Coal bursts occurring in steeply inclined coal seams (SICSs) are increasingly severe. To solve this problem, a mechanical model for the distribution of static stress on coal-rock masses along panels and the distribution of dynamic load induced by the breakage of thick and hard roofs with propagation distance was established. The stress characteristics after a superposition of dynamic and static loads on the roof and floor roadways (Rr and Rf) were determined. In addition, precursory information characteristics and index sensitivities of four indices for dynamic loads and the CT index for static loads based on seismic tomography were separately analyzed. The monitoring and warning indices for SICSs and flat seams were compared. The results showed that the static stress of Rr was significantly higher than that of Rf, which provided a basis for the stress-triggering coal burst behaviors. Three indices for dynamic loads and seismic tomography results exhibited remarkable precursory information and high sensitivity. However, the performance of lack of shock index is poor. The continuous anomaly and the contradiction of indices at Rr and Rf can be considered as precursory information for predicting coal bursts.
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