Las filosofías de la Pachamama y del Buen Vivir son puntos de referencia de los pueblos indígenas y están presentes en las constituciones de Ecuador (2008) y Bolivia (2009), con el fin de armonizar las diferencias culturales y añadir las tradiciones a la política local. Las filosofías toman por base un mito andino, el que cree ser la naturaleza un organismo vivo y sujeto de derechos, y se abren espacio a la visión biocéntrica del mundo, compartida por la Bioética Global. La naturaleza ya no logra recomponerse por las innovaciones biotecnológicas impuestas por el hombre, lo que obliga la humanidad a encontrar nuevos paradigmas – el Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano, representado por las constituciones de Ecuador e Bolivia, es uno de ellos. En este artículo se describe y analiza críticamente estas dos constituciones, relacionándolas con la visión de mundo de la Pachamama y de la filosofía del Buen Vivir en el contexto de la Bioética Global.
We present the results from the phase A study of ELT-HIRES, an optical-infrared High Resolution Spectrograph for ELT, which has just been completed by a consortium of 30 institutes from 12 countries forming a team of about 200 scientists and engineers. The top science cases of ELT-HIRES will be the detection of life signatures from exoplanet atmospheres, tests on the stability of Nature's fundamental couplings, the direct detection of the cosmic acceleration. However, the science requirements of these science cases enable many other groundbreaking science cases. The baseline design, which allows to fulfil the top science cases, consists in a modular fiberfed cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph with two ultra-stable spectral arms providing a simultaneous spectral range of 0.4-1.8 µm at a spectral resolution of ∼ 100, 000. The fiber-feeding allows ELT-HIRES to have several, interchangeable observing modes including a SCAO module and a small diffraction-limited IFU.
This paper focused the CIP (clean in place) rinse stage, typically applied to the food industry. The dynamic behavior of residuals removal kinetics was studied, to obtain mathematical models that describe adequately the system. The optimization of water, detergent, etc., is the next goal. The obtained results show that the temperature influence can be neglected in comparison with the rinse water flow rate considering the cleaning process. The systems dynamics are non linear and were adequately represented by 1st order plus dead time transfer functions. The flow models obtained with this paper were validated versus experimental data and the results were close with respect to the last ones.
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