Background One third of global antmicrobial resistance deaths are attributed to drug resistant tuberculosis. Lost to follow-up is one of the causes of the development of acquired drug resistant tuberculosis. There is a gap in nationally representative reliable information on lost to follow-up among patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Objective To estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of lost to follow-up among patients with drug resistant tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Methods Observational studies searched from PubMed, HINARI and CINAHL were screened for eligibility. After assessing the quality of studies, data were extracted using a checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using forest plot, Q and I2. The random effects meta-analysis model was employed to pull the prevalence of lost to follow-up. Sub-group analysis and meta regression were performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots with Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the influence of individual studies on the overall estimate. The odds ratios were used to measure associations. Results The review was performed among 11 studies of which 9 were cohort studies. The sample sizes ranged from 90 to 612 and comprised a total of 3,510 participants. The pooled prevalence of lost to follow-up was 8.66% (95% CI, 5.01–13.14) with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 93.49%, p<0.001). Pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients were 50% less likely to loss from follow-up compared to extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of lost to follow-up among multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia. Anatomical site of tuberculosis was a significant factor affecting lost to follow-up. Strengthening the health care system and patient education should be given a due emphasis. Registration number CRD42020153326; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=153326.

Background: Inappropriate self-medication is a public-health problem worldwide. Major problems associated with self-medication include wastage of resources, increased resistance of pathogens, and adverse drug reactions. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess self-medication practices and associated factors among undergraduate Wollo University students in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 341 undergraduate university students using a pretested and self-administered questionnaire from January to February 2019. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants. Data were collected using the self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Multiple logistic regression was employed in data analysis, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of self-medication in this study was 64.98%. Mildness of disease (57, 34.13%) and dissatisfaction with health-care services, (44, 26.34%) were the main reasons for self-medication practice. The most common types of diseases for selfmedication were headache (80, 47.9%), gastrointestinal infections (74, 44.31%), and respiratory tract infections (48, 28.74%). Analgesics (94, 56.28%) and antibiotics (60, 35.9%) were the leading classes of medicine used in self-medication. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that agriculture students (AOR 0.163, 95% CI 0.049-0.545) were 84% less likely to practice self-medication than medicine and health-science students. Conclusion: This study revealed that self-medication practices are common among study participants and significantly associated with their field of study. Awareness promotion on the risk of inappropriate self-medication for university students is highly recommended.

Background Female students in institutions of higher education are at higher risk of abortion and its consequences. There is no nationally representative data on induced abortion among students in higher education institutions in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of induced abortion among female students in institutions of higher education in Ethiopia. Methods This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2022, in Ethiopia. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Hinari, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and Global Health electronic databases were searched. The analysis was performed using STATA 14 software. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Duval and Tweedie’s ‘trim and fill’ method was also performed to adjust the pooled estimate. Forest plots were used to present the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of meta-analysis using the random effect model. Results This systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 10 studies and 4656 study participants. The pooled prevalence of induced abortion among female students in institutions of higher education in Ethiopia was 5.06% (95%CI: 2.16, 7.96). The rate of induced abortion was 51 per 1000 women. Conclusions The pooled prevalence of induced abortion among female students in institutions of higher education in Ethiopia was high. Thus, concerned bodies should design and implement an effective strategy to realize friendly and non-judgmental family planning and comprehensive abortion care service to curb the problem.

Introduction: Diabetes self-care is important to maintain optimal glycemic control and prevent debilitating and costly complications. Diabetes self-care may be improved through the identification of individual and group barriers to regimen adherence and subsequent development of specific plans to overcome these barriers. This study assessed the self-care practice and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients attending their treatment at Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, North-Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: The study employed parallel mixed methods design which followed a cross-sectional interview and in-depth interview methods respectively from September to October 2019. The collected data were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis for the quantitative part and a thematic analysis for the qualitative part. The protocol for this study was ethically approved (CMHS/013/519/12). Results: A total of 328 type 2 diabetes patients participated in the study of which 50.3% reported good self-care practice. Being in the age category of 60–69 years old (AOR = 0.334, 95% CI (0.135, 0.951)), being ≥ 70 years old (AOR = 0.359, 95% CI (0.135,0.951)), having complications (AOR = 1.956, 95% CI (1.172, 3.262)), having co-morbidity (AOR = 0.443, 95%CI (0.262, 0.749)) and diabetes education (AOR = 2.684, 95%CI (1.633,4.412) were significantly associated with good diabetes self-care. Accessibility, social support, knowledge and beliefs and diabetes related morbidities were identified as barriers to diabetes self-care by the patients. Conclusion: The findings from this study revealed that only half of the type 2 diabetes patients who participated in this study reported good self-care practice. Different factors including diabetes education were significantly associated with good diabetes self-care according to the quantitative study. This was supported by the findings from the qualitative part and thus the recommendation to strengthen diabetes health education to patients and their families.

Background The viability of community-based health insurance programs depends on beneficiary satisfaction, and healthcare systems evaluate performance through patient reports and ratings to ensure effectiveness and service quality. To our knowledge, Ethiopia lacks national pooled data on the satisfaction of community-based health insurance beneficiaries and related factors; this review aims to address that gap. Methods Database searches on Scopus, Hinari, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar were conducted on September 1st, 2022. Thirteen studies were chosen for review from the search results. Checklists from the Joan Briggs Institute were used to evaluate the risk of bias for the included studies. The data were extracted using a 2019 Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using RevMan-5 software and STATA 17. The odds ratios at p-values less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the effect estimates. Results The pooled satisfaction of beneficiaries with community-based health insurance was found to be 66.0% (95% CI = 0.57–0.76) and was found to be influenced by socio-demographic, health service-related, the scheme’s related factors, and the beneficiaries' knowledge of it. The beneficiary satisfaction levels were highest in the Amhara region, at 69.0% (95% CI = 0.59–0.79), followed by SNNPR at 67.0% (95% CI = 0.40–0.94), Oromia at 63.0% (95% CI = 0.58–0.68), and Addis Ababa at 53.0% (95% CI = 0.45–0.62). Conclusion Even though there was a moderate level of satisfaction, there are indications that the quality of health services and the coverage of the entire population lag behind, necessitating greater efforts to achieve universal health coverage.