Background: A reliable and valid tool to assess hearing health literacy in Iranian young people is lacking. Aims: This study aimed to develop a tool to assess the hearing health literacy of young people in the Islamic Republic of Iran and to use the tool to determine the hearing health literacy of a sample of Iranians aged 12–25 years. Methods: A questionnaire was designed with three skill sections: obtaining health information, evaluating this information and applying it to benefit health. The validity and reliability of the tool were determined. Cluster sampling was used to select 50 urban clusters across the country from which 5000 Iranians aged between 12–25 years old were selected to complete the questionnaire. Results: The final questionnaire had 22 items with scores ranging from 22 to 44. The Cronbach alpha was 0.65, and content validity ratio and index were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively. Of the 5000 questionnaires completed, 4890 were included in the analysis. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of the participants was 17 (SD 3) years and 45.9% were males. The mean score on the tool was 30.81 (SD 3.75), indicating inadequate health literacy (score 22–36). Only 137 (2.8%) participants had adequate health literacy (score 37–44). Statistically significant differences in mean hearing health literacy were seen for sex, age, years of education, occupation, marital status and income (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Given the low level of hearing health literacy in Iranian young people, programmes to improve the ear and hearing health literacy are urgently needed.
Background: Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping healthy sexuality in adolescents. There is little evidence in Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences. Objectives: This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran. Patients and Methods: This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr during the second half of 2014. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used. Results: Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98). Conclusions: The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.
Background and Aim: Health literacy refers to abilities of individuals, communities and groups to obtain, understand, and use the basic necessary information and services to improve, maintain and promote health. This study aimed to determine the status of ear and hearing-related health literacy in adolescents and young adults. Materials and Methods: Given the lack of specific tools for measuring the ear and hearingrelated health literacy, an appropriate tool was developed. The validity of the tool was confirmed by a survey of experts and calculating the content validity rate and index. Internal correlation of questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha; and the reliability of questionnaire was approved by a test-retest method. After the tool finalization, the ear and hearing-related health literacy was measured in 4890 Iranian young adults and adolescents. Results: In the selected sample, 45.9% were male and 54.1% were female, and the mean and standard deviation of participants' age were 17± 3. The mean score of ear and hearing-related health literacy was 30.81 ± 3.75. The ear and hearing-related health literacy was adequate in 2.8% of samples and inadequate in 97.2%. There were significant statistical differences in the status of ear and hearing-related health literacy in people with different age, gender, number of study years, occupation, marital status, and income. Conclusion: There were low general levels of ear and hearing-related health literacy as well as skills of searching, understanding, evaluating and using health information and services in Iranian adolescents and young adults.
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