Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates.
Objetivos do estudo: aplicar um programa de capacitação teórica para enfermeiros na ressuscitação cardiopulmonar e comparar o conhecimento teórico do grupoA-controle com o grupoB-experimental. O programa contemplou três etapas: etapa-I, avaliação pré-capacitação teórica; etapas-II e III, avaliação teórica recente (uma semana após etapa-I) e tardia (três meses após etapa-I). Amostra composta por enfermeiros assistenciais, 21 no grupo-A e 38 no grupo-B. Verificou-se que a média das notas no grupo-A variou de forma progressiva: 6,45; 6,66 e 7,10; e, no grupo-B, de forma oscilante: 6,48; 8,36 e 8,0; etapas II e III (p<0,001). Concluiu-se que o grupo-B foi superior ao grupo-A. Entretanto, o desempenho do grupo-B etapa-II foi superior ao da etapa-III, enquanto o grupo-A apresentou melhora progressiva.
Factors associated with increased mortality and prolonged length of stay in an adult intensive care unit Fatores associados à maior mortalidade e tempo de internação prolongado em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de adultos
Rev Bras Anestesiol
ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 2006; 56: 6: 630-642 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE RESUMO Tonella RM, Araújo S, Silva AMO -Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea no Alívio da Dor Pós-Operatória Relacionada com Procedimentos Fisioterapêuticos em Pacientes Submetidos a Intervenções Cirúrgicas Abdominais.
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS:A eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (TENS) tem sido pouco estudada como método facilitador da fisioterapia pós-operatória. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a eficácia da TENS no alívio da dor relacionada com fisioterapia pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos a intervenções cirúrgicas abdominais.
MÉTODO:
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:There are few studies on transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) as an adjunct to postoperative physical therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of TENS on relieving pain related to physical therapy after abdominal surgery.
METHODS:A clinical, randomized, prospective study was undertaken with 48 patients on the first postoperative day, who presented a pain score ≥ 3 on the visual analogic scale (VAS). Patients were divided in three groups: Control Group: treated with the usual analgesic routine, without TENS, and with physical therapy; Study Group: treated with the usual analgesic routine associated with TENS and physical therapy; Contrast-Placebo Group: treated with the usual analgesic routine associated with physical therapy but TENS was off. A visual analogic scale of pain was presented to the patients before (M1), after TENS (M2), and after physical therapy (M3) -cough, incentive spirometry, changing lateral decubitus and sitting -to quantify the efficacy of the analgesia. Electrical stimulation was done during 30 minutes.
RESULTS:The Study Group presented a significant relief of the pain when compared to the other two groups only for coughing at M3 (p= 0.015). In this group, there was a significant reduction in pain associated with coughing (p= 0.003) [M1 versus M3]; with lateral decubitus (p= 0.025), sitting (p= 0.001), and with incentive spirometry (p= 0.017) [M1 versus M2]; and when changing to the lateral decubitus (p= 0.03) and sitting (p= 0.001) [M1xM3]. There were no significant differences in the Contrast-Placebo Group.
CONCLUSIONS:The Study Group presented a reduction in pain in a few moments and parameters. Further studies are needed since TENS is indicated only as an adjuvant in controlling postoperative pain.
We conclude that ARM is a safe and effective technique when used for prevention of pulmonary complications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery, resulting in more favorable radiological and spirometric findings in the experimental group compared to the control group in the PO.
Non-Hospital Urgent and Emergency Care Units were created to deliver care to patients in chronic or acute situations and to coordinate the flow of urgent care. This descriptive study analyzed the theoretical knowledge of nurses working in these units concerning cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation. A questionnaire was applied to 73 nurses from 16 units in seven cities in the region of Campinas, SP, Brazil. The respondents displayed some gaps in their knowledge such as how to detect Cardiopulmonary Arrest (CPA), the ability to list the sequence of basic life support, and how to determine the appropriate compression to ventilation ratio (>60%). They also did not know: the immediate procedures to take after CPA detection (>70%); the rhythm pattern present in a CPA (>80%); and they only partially identified (100%) the medication used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The average score on a scale from zero to ten was 5.2 (± 1.4). The nurses presented partial knowledge of the guidelines available in the literature.
Conocimiento teórico de los enfermeros sobre parada cardiorrespiratoria y resucitación cardiopulmonar en unidades no hospitalarias de atención de urgencia y emergenciaLas Unidades no hospitalarias de Atención de Urgencia y Emergencia fueron creadas para atender pacientes con cuadros agudos o crónicos agudos y ordenar los flujos de urgencia.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el conocimiento teórico de los enfermeros de esas unidades sobre parada cardiorrespiratoria y resucitación cardiopulmonar. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuyos datos fueron obtenidos aplicando un cuestionario a 73 enfermeros de 16 unidades, de siete municipios de la Región Metropolitana de Campinas. Se observó que los entrevistados presentaron vacíos de conocimiento sobre como detectar: la parada cardiorrespiratoria, la secuencia del soporte básico de vida y la relación ventilación/compresión (>60%); desconocen las conductas que deben adoptadas inmediatamente después de la detección (> 70%) y los estándares de ritmos presentes en la parada cardíaca (> 80%); y identificaron parcialmente (100%) los fármacos utilizados en la resucitación cardiopulmonar. La nota promedio fue 5,2 (±1,4), en una escala de cero a diez. Se concluye que los enfermeros presentaron conocimiento parcial de las directrices disponibles en la literatura.
A monitorização de funções vitais é uma das mais importantes e essenciais ferramentas no manuseio de pacientes críticos na UTI. Hoje é possível detectar e analisar uma grande variedade de sinais fisiológicos através de diferentes técnicas, invasivas e não-invasivas. O intensivista deve ser capaz de selecionar e executar o método de monitorização mais apropriado de acordo com as necessidades individuais do paciente, considerando a relação risco-benefício da técnica. Apesar do rápido desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitorização não-invasiva, a monitorização hemodinâmica invasiva com o uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) ainda é um dos procedimentos fundamentais em UTI. O objetivo destas recomendações é estabelecer diretrizes para o uso adequado dos métodos básicos de monitorização hemodinâmica e CAP. MÉTODO: O processo de desenvolvimento de recomendações utilizou o método Delphi modificado para criar e quantificar o consenso entre os participantes. A AMIB determinou um coordenador para o consenso, o qual escolheu seis especialistas para comporem o comitê consultivo. Outros 18 peritos de diferentes regiões do país foram selecionados para completar o painel de 25 especialistas, médicos e enfermeiros. Um levantamento bibliográfico na MedLine de artigos na língua inglesa foi realizado no período de 1966 a 2004. RESULTADOS: Foram apresentadas recomendações referentes a 55 questões sobre monitorização da pressão venosa central, pressão arterial invasiva e cateter de artéria pulmonar. Com relação ao CAP, além de re
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