Antimicrobial textiles are functionally active textiles, which may kill the microorganisms or inhibit their growth. The present article explores the applications of different synthetic and natural antimicrobial compounds used to prepare antimicrobial textiles. Different types of antimicrobial textiles including: antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral have also been discussed. Different strategies and methods used for the detection of a textile's antimicrobial properties against bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as viral particles have also been highlighted. These antimicrobial textiles are used in a variety of applications ranging from households to commercial including air filters, food packaging, health care, hygiene, medical, sportswear, storage, ventilation and water purification systems. Public awareness on antimicrobial textiles and growth in commercial opportunities has been observed during past few years. Not only antimicrobial properties, but its durability along with the color, prints and designing are also important for fashionable clothing; thus, many commercial brands are now focusing on such type of materials. Overall, this article summarizes the scientific aspect dealing with different fabrics including natural or synthetic antimicrobial agents along with their current functional perspective and future opportunities.

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Introduction Allelic frequency distribution of drug metabolizing enzyme genes among populations is important to identify risk groups for adverse drug reaction and to select representative populations for clinical trials. Although India emerged as an important hub for clinical trials, information about the pharmacogenetic diversity for this region is still lacking. Here, we investigated genetic diversity of cytochrome-P450-2C9 ( CYP2C9 ) gene which metabolizes wide range of drugs and is highly expressed in the human liver. Methods In total, 1278 individuals from 36 diverse Indian populations, 210 individuals from in-house data-repository and 489 other South Asian samples from the 1000 Genomes Project were selected. Variants observed in CYP2C9 gene were subjected to various statistical analyses. Results High frequency of CYP2C9*3 (~13%) and CYP2C9*3/*3 (~1%) was observed among South Asians, compared to 21 populations living outside the Indian subcontinent. The allelic/genotypic frequency does not correlate with geographical location or linguistic affiliation, except populations speaking Tibeto-Burmans language, who have lower frequency of CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 . Since, South Asians practice strict endogamy, presence of unique mutation and high frequency of homozygous genotypes not surprising. CYP2C9*3 has been associated with therapeutic response.The effect of CYP2C9*3/*3 is more pronounced compared to heterozygous and wild type homozygous genotypes as evident in many in vitro studies. As South Asians have high frequency, it would be interesting to explore potential of CYP2C9*3 as a marker for personalized therapy. Our study revealed several rare functional variants, which form eight novel and rare haplotypes of CYP2C9 ( CYP2C9 *63–*70). Of which, CYP2C9*64, *65, *66, *68, *69 and *70 haplotypes are South Asian-specific. Conclusion Overall, we find high genetic heterogeneity within South Asians and identified South Asian-specific putative functional CYP2C9 haplotypes. High frequency of CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 was observed in South Asian populations. Taken together, current study greatly enriches the knowledge of naturally occurring CYP2C9 variants and its diversity in South Asia, which are relevant to further CYP2C9 -related functional research and for personalized medicine.

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