Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are novel circulating factors that can be used as biomarkers in various diseases. Their unique and diverse kinds, as well as their role as biomarkers, make them significant biomarkers. There has been immense work carried out since the discovery of exRNAs in circulation and other biological fluids to catalog and determine whether exRNAs may be utilized as indicators for health and illness. In this review, we aim to understand the current state of exRNAs in relation to various diseases and their potential as biomarkers. We will also review current issues and challenges faced in using exRNAs, with clinical and lab trials, that can be used as viable markers for different diseases.
Microbes release important metabolites that regulate various physiological activities inside and outside of organisms. The human gastrointestinal tract is a reservoir of microbes that play important regulatory roles in modulating the immune system and numerous other physiological functions. Thus, there is substantial interest in these microbial products and their clinical significance. These microbial metabolites have shown promise as therapies for cancer, inflammation, neurological disorders, and many other diseases. Here, we discuss microbial metabolites with substantial therapeutic potential, including proteasome inhibitors, therapeutic enzymes, bacteriocins, polyamines, and flavonoids.
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