Purpose
Facial expressions are formed by the coordination of facial muscles and reflect changes in emotion. Nurses observe facial expressions as way of understanding patients. This study conducted basic research using facial myogenic potential topography to visually determine changes in the location and strength of facial muscle activity associated with voluntary facial expression to examine relationships with facial expressions.
Methods
Participants comprised 18 healthy adults (6 men, 12 women; mean age, 24.3 ± 4.3 years). Facial myogenic potentials were measured from 19 electrodes arranged concentrically on the face, and topographic analysis was conducted. Using potential changes and topograms, the muscle activity associated with nonvoluntary facial expression and voluntary facial expressions of happiness and disgust were classified according to the characteristics of expressions. To classify homogeneous groups among the reaction of disgust, hierarchical cluster analysis was utilized.
Results
One characteristic of the facial expression of happiness was activity in areas including the greater zygomatic muscle. With the facial expression of disgust, characteristic changes were seen in areas including the corrugator supercilii. Cluster analysis of the expression of disgust showed four homogeneous subgroups.
Conclusion
With facial myogenic potential topography, facial expressions can be evaluated objectively without being influenced by face shape or countenance. Color changes in topograms showed subtle changes in expressions that could not be supplemented with statistical processing alone, and these were useful in identifying individuality. Topography is thus expected to be utilized to supplement basic knowledge of facial expressions for a better understanding of patients.
Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment efficacy of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on locomotive syndrome (LS) focusing on total clinical decision limit (CDL) stage 3 leading to revealing the motor function indicators that can predict LS improvement in knee osteoarthritis patients who had received TKA. Methods. This prospective cohort study was conducted in 47 patients evaluated as total CDL stage 3 before TKA who received primary TKA on the operated side and were diagnosed with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2, 3, or 4 knee osteoarthritis on the nonoperated side. LS was evaluated using stand-up test, two-step test, and 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale. In addition, the motor function indicators which could predict the LS improvement were examined. All assessments were conducted before TKA and three months after TKA. Results. Of the 47 subjects who were evaluated to be in total CDL stage 3 before TKA, 13 patients (27.7%) were determined to show improvements in total CDL. From the result of the decision tree analysis, when the CDL of the two-step test before TKA was 1 or less, the improvement rate was 83.3%. Even if the CDL of the two-step test before TKA was higher than 1 and if the 3 m-Timed Up and Go test (3m-TUG) before TKA was 9.6 or less, the improvement rate was 50%. Conclusions. As of three months after surgery, TKA can improve LS in about 30% of knee osteoarthritis patients. A two-step test before TKA and 3m-TUG before TKA can be used as motor function indicators to predict LS improvement. This study provides useful information for setting the goal for rehabilitation prior to surgery.
To reduce the risk of long-term care, it is important to prevent the functional decline of the locomotorium of elderly individuals early in life. This study aimed to clarify locomotive syndrome (LS) in Japanese office workers. The participants included 263 workers that mainly performed deskwork. Participants performed the LS risk test and completed a self-administered questionnaire survey that focused on lifestyle-related diseases, anxiety about physical strength, pain in the locomotorium, and health-related quality of life. Sixty participants (22.8%) were at risk for LS, and 17.5% of these participants were in their 20s. Of the participants at risk for LS (LS group), 30.0% had anxiety about physical strength, which was a significantly high ratio compared to the 14.3% of participants who expressed anxiety about physical strength, but were not at risk for LS (non-LS group) (χ 2 = 6.479, p < .05). There were significant differences between risk for LS and pain in the back and hip joints (χ 2 = 5.813, p < .05, χ 2 = 4.895, p < .05). The LS group had a significantly lower mean physical summary score than the non-LS group (t = 3.286, p < .01). Thus, an intervention to prevent LS is important during the early stages, and signs such as pain in the locomotorium and anxiety about physical strength must not be overlooked.
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