Surface and subterranean ichthyofauna in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, northeastern Brazil, with updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes. Biota Neotrop., 8(4): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n4/en/abstract?inventory+bn00 708042008Abstract: After an ichthyofaunistic survey in several epigean (surface) water bodies of the Serra do Ramalho, southern Bahia, conducted in May 2007, 44 species were recorded; in addition, three non-troglomorphic (normally eyed and pigmented) and two troglomorphic species were recorded only in caves, totaling 49 species of fishes for the area, which represents a little more than one fourth of the total registered in the literature for the entire Rio São Francisco basin. In these caves, which have been studied since 2005, eight non-troglomorphic species were sampled and their presence in both epigean and subterranean habitats, associated to the lack of morphological differences, indicate that they may be either troglophiles (species encompassing individuals able to live and complete their life cycle either in the surface or in the subterranean environment), trogloxenes (individuals regularly found in subterranean habitats, but which must return periodically to the surface in order to complete their life cycle) or even accidental in caves. In addition, two troglomorphic species (with reduced eyes and melanic pigmentation when compared to close epigean relatives), belonging respectively to the genera Rhamdia and Trichomycterus, were recorded exclusively in caves, thus classified as troglobites. Interestingly, no epigean representative of the genus Trichomycterus was collected. The new data are integrated into updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes, based on published data and new records recently confirmed. Keywords: Bahia State, caves, troglobites, troglophiles, freshwater fishes. MATTOX, G.M.T., BICHUETTE, M.E., SECUTTI, S. & TRAJANO, E. Ictiofauna epígea e subterrânea na área cárstica da Serra do Ramalho, nordeste brasileiro, com listas de peixes troglóbios e troglófilos no Brasil. Biota Neotrop., 8(4): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n4/pt/abstract?inventory+bn00708042008Resumo: Um levantamento ictiofaunístico em corpos d´água epígeos (superficiais) da Serra do Ramalho, sul da Bahia, realizado em maio de 2007, resultou no registro de 44 espécies; além destas, três espécies com olhos e pigmentação normais (não-troglomórficas) e duas espécies troglóbias foram encontradas apenas em cavernas, perfazendo um total de 49 espécies na Serra do Ramalho, o que representa pouco mais de um quarto do total registrado na literatura em toda a bacia do Rio São Francisco. Nas cavernas desta área, que vêm sendo intensivamente investigadas desde 2005, oito espécies de peixes não-troglomórficos foram registradas. Sua presença tanto no meio epígeo como no subterrâneo, aliada à ausência de diferenciação morfológica, indica que estas últimas podem ser troglófilas (espécies com indivíduos capazes de viver e completar o ciclo de vida tanto no ambiente su...

The parental care by the male, which includes defense of the rock shelter where the egg clutch is laid, cleaning and oxygenation of eggs, is typical of many loricariids. On the other hand, the slow development, including delayed eye degeneration, low body growth rates and high estimated longevity (15 years or more) are characteristic of precocial, or K-selected, life cycles. In the absence of comparable data for close epigean relatives (Ancistrus spp.), it is not possible to establish whether these features are an autapomorphic specialization of the troglobitic A. cryptophthalmus or a plesiomorphic trait already present in the epigean ancestor, possibly favoring the adoption of the life in the food-poor cave environment. We briefly discuss the current hypotheses on eye regression in troglobitic vertebrates.O cascudo troglóbio (exclusivamente subterrâneo), Ancistrus cryptophthalmus (Loricariidae, Ancistrinae) é conhecido de quatro cavernas na área cárstica de São Domingos, bacia do alto rio Tocantins, Goiás. Estas populações diferem quanto ao formato geral do corpo e grau de redução dos olhos e da pigmentação cutânea. A pequena população encontrada na caverna Passa Três (aproximadamente 1.000 indivíduos) é a que apresenta os olhos mais reduzidos, não visíveis externamente nos adultos. Um grupo de um macho e três fêmeas provenientes dessa caverna reproduziu-se espontaneamente três vezes em laboratório, no fim do verão, O cuidado parental pelo macho, que inclui defesa do abrigo rochoso onde os ovos eram aderidos e limpeza e oxigenação destes, segue o padrão típico de loricariídeos. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento relativamente lento, incluindo a regressão tardia dos olhos (iniciando aos 12 meses de idade), as baixas taxas de crescimento corporal e a alta longevidade estimada (mais de 15 anos) são característicos de ciclos de vida do tipo "precoce", ou K-selecionados. Na ausência de dados comparáveis para os aparentados epígeos próximos, não é possível estabelecer com exatidão se tais características se tratam de adaptações autapomórficas da espécie cavernícola ou de pré-adaptações (exaptações) dos ancestrais epígeos, as quais poderiam ter favorecido a colonização do meio subterrâneo. Finalmente, apresentamos uma breve discussão sobre as hipóteses correntes acerca da regressão dos olhos em vertebrados troglóbios.

TRAJANO, E., SECUTTI, S. & BICHUETTE, M.E. Natural history and population data of fishes in caves of the Serra do Ramalho karst area, Middle São Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop., 9(1): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v9n1/en/abstract?article+bn02909012009. Abstract:During the exploration and mapping of new caves in Serra do Ramalho karst area, southern Bahia state, cavers from the Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas -GBPE (Belo Horizonte) noticed the presence of troglomorphic catfishes (species with reduced eyes and/or melanic pigmentation), which we intensively investigated with regards to their ecology and behavior since 2005. Non-troglomorphic fishes regularly found in the studied caves were included in this investigation. We present here data on the natural history of two troglobitic (exclusively subterranean troglomorphic species) fishes -Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005 (Heptapteridae; Gruna do Enfurnado) and Trichomycterus undescribed species (Trichomycteridae; Lapa dos Peixes and Gruna da Água Clara), and non-troglomorphic Hoplias cf. malabaricus, probably a troglophile (able to form populations both in epigean and subterranean habitats) in the Gruna do Enfurnado, and Pimelodella sp., a species with a sink population in the Lapa dos Peixes.

After an ichthyofaunistic survey conducted in May 2007 on surface (epigean) water bodies of Cordisburgo karst area, State of Minas Gerais, 13 species were recorded, mostly characiforms; in addition three non-troglomorphic (normally eyed and pigmented) and one troglomorphic catfish (siluriforms) species were recorded in two caves surveyed at different occasions, totaling 17 fish species for the area. All the nominal species herein reported for Cordisburgo area have been previously reported for the Rio das Velhas basin. None of the species observed in caves were found in epigean habitats and vice-versa. The four cave species are distributed throughout subterranean stream reaches, with individuals at different size/age classes. This, associated to the lack of conspicuous morphological differences in relation to epigean congeners, indicate that Trichomycterus brasiliensis, Gymnotus cf. carapo and Pimelodella cf. vittata are troglophiles (species encompassing individuals able to live and complete their life cycle either in the surface or in the subterranean environment) in the Morena Cave; the latter forms a large population and may be at the beginning of a differentiation process due to isolation in the subterranean habitat, as indicated by a slight reduction in eye size. Topographic isolation may be the cause for the incipient, but unmistakable troglomorphism of the Rhamdiopsis population found in the Salitre Cave, allowing for its classification as troglobite (exclusively subterranean species). The Cordisburgo area is subject to significant anthropic pressure, mainly represented by deforestation for agriculture, cattle raising and timbering. Tourism is an additional important threat for cave communities, calling for urgent protection measures.

Two cave populations of Aspidoras albater catfish with reduced eyes and pigmentation were recently found near the city of Posse, São Domingos karst area, Goiás State, representing the first known case of a troglomorphic callichthyid catfish. Cave specimens are described and compared to epigean specimens of A. albater, but morphometric differences between the epigean and the cave populations are not adequate to delimit as distinct species.Duas populações de Aspidoras albater com olhos e pigmentação reduzidos foram descobertas recentemente em cavernas do município de Posse, área cárstica de São Domingos, Goiás, representando o primeiro caso conhecido de Callichthyidae troglomórfico. Os espécimes cavernícolas são descritos e comparados com espécimes epígeos de A. albater, mas as diferenças morfométricas entre eles não são suficientes para delimitá-los como espécies distintas.