This study was intended to analyze the photosynthetic performance of rice leaf blades infected with Monographella albescens by combining chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence images with gas exchange and photosynthetic pigment pools. The net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, total Chl and carotenoid pools, and Chl a/b ratio all decreased but the internal CO2 concentration increased in the inoculated plants compared with their noninoculated counterparts. The first detectable changes in the images of Chl a fluorescence from the leaves of inoculated plants were already evident at 24 h after inoculation (hai) and increased dramatically as the leaf scald lesions expanded. However, these changes were negligible for the photosystem II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) at 24 hai, in contrast to other Chl fluorescence traits such as the photochemical quenching coefficient, yield of photochemistry, and yield for dissipation by downregulation; which, therefore, were much more sensitive than the Fv/Fm ratio in assessing the early stages of fungal infection. It was also demonstrated that M. albescens was able to impair the photosynthetic process in both symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf areas. Overall, it was proven that Chl a fluorescence imaging is an excellent tool to describe the loss of functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus occurring in rice leaves upon infection by M. albescens.
This study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on the resistance of rice plants of the cv. ‘Primavera’ cultivar that were grown in a nutrient solution with 0 (−Si) or 2 mm (+Si) Si to leaf scald, which is caused by Monographella albescens. The leaf Si concentration increased in the +Si plants (4.8 decag/kg) compared to the −Si plants (0.9 decag/kg), contributing to a reduced expansion of the leaf scald lesions. The extent of the cellular damage that was caused by the oxidative burst in response to the infection by M. albescens was reduced in the +Si plants, as evidenced by the reduced concentration of malondialdehyde. Higher concentrations of total soluble phenolics and lignin‐thioglycolic acid derivatives and greater activities of peroxidases (POX), polyphenoloxidases (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases (PAL) and lipoxygenases (LOX) in the leaves of the +Si plants also contributed to the increased rice resistance to leaf scald. In contrast, the activities of chitinases and β‐1,3‐glucanases were higher in the leaves of the −Si plants probably due to the unlimited M. albescens growth in the leaf tissues, as indicated by the larger lesions. The results of this study highlight the potential of Si in decreasing the expansion of the leaf scald lesions concomitantly with the potentiation of phenolic and lignin production, and the greater activities of POX, PPO, PAL and LOX rather than simply acting only as a physical barrier to avoid M. albescens penetration.
Leaf scald, caused by Monographella albescens, is one of the major diseases in rice worldwide. This study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters [net CO 2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapour (g s ), transpiration rate (E)] and internal CO 2 concentration (C i ), chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence a parameters [minimal fluorescence (F 0 ), maximum fluorescence (F m ), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F v /F m )], photochemical quenching coefficient (q p ), effective quantum yield of PSII [Y(II)], quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation [Y(NPQ)] and quantum yield dissipation non-regulated [Y(NO)] and the concentrations of pigments in rice plants grown in nutrient solutions containing either 0 (−Si) or 2 mM Si (+Si) and non-inoculated or inoculated with M. albescens. Leaf scald severity decreased with higher foliar Si concentration. For the inoculated +Si plants, A, g s and E were significantly higher in comparison with the inoculated −Si plants, in which C i was significantly increased. Similarly, the concentrations of Chl a , Chl b , total Chl a+b and carotenoids were higher for the +Si plants in comparison with the −Si plants. Changes in the images of Chl a fluorescence were first observed precisely on the −Si plants leaves in comparison with the +Si plants. A decrease of q P and Y(II) in inoculated −Si plants, in comparison with the inoculated +Si plants, was accompanied by an increase in Y(NPQ) and Y(NO). Notably, the extent of the leaf areas was much more evident for Y(II) and q P in comparison with F 0 , F m and F v /F m , suggesting that Y(II) and q P were good predictors in detecting the early effects of leaf scald on the leaf photosynthesis. For the +Si non-inoculated plants, changes in Y(II) were associated with alterations in both Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) compared with non-inoculated −Si plants. In conclusion, the photosynthetic performance (as demonstrated by the gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence parameters) and the pigment pools of rice plants infected with M. albescens were preserved by Si supply and, therefore, provided an increase in rice resistance against leaf scald.
A escassez de informações referentes ao consumo hídrico de mudas de espécies florestais freqüentemente dificulta o planejamento da irrigação em viveiros comerciais, levando muitas vezes, a adoção de medidas ineficientes de manejo, provocando perda no padrão de qualidade das mudas. Dessa forma, procurou-se neste trabalho investigar a máxima capacidade de retenção de água (MCRA) no substrato em que as mudas de eucalipto podem ser submetidas e determinar o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) para o clone híbrido de E. urophylla x E. grandis. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, localizada na área experimental do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais vinculado ao Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES) no município de Alegre, ES, montado num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos de disponibilidade hídrica no substrato (90, 80, 70, 60 e 50% da MCRA), com quatro repetições. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a disponibilidade hídrica no substrato de 70% da MCRA pode ser utilizada para a produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto, sem afetar o crescimento e o padrão de qualidade. O Kc estimado para as mudas de eucalipto em condições de viveiro foi de 1,25. AbstractDetermination of maximum capacity of water retention in substrate for production plants in Eucalyptus nursery. The scarcity of information regarding water consumption of seedlings of forest species often complicates the planning of irrigation in commercial nurseries, often leading the adoption of inefficient management measures, causing loss in the quality of seedlings. Thus, this study sought to investigate the capacity of water retention in the substrate in which the eucalyptus seedlings can be submitted and determine the crop coefficient (Kc) for the hybrid clone of E. urophylla x E . grandis. The study was conducted in a greenhouse located in the experimental area of the Post-Graduation of Forest Sciences bound to the Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo in the city of Alegre, ES, built in a completely randomized design with five treatments of water availability in the substrate (90, 80, 70, 60 and 50% of MCRA) and four replications. According to the results, it was found that water availability in the substrate MCRA of the 70% can be used for the production of minicutting, without affecting standards of growth and quality. The Kc for eucalyptus seedlings in nursery conditions was 1.25.Keywords: Coefficient of cultivation; irrigation management; Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis.
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