The findings have the potential to inform the development and implementation of strategies to increase levels of participation in sports among children with limb absence. Information from this study may help to deepen the rehabilitation team's understanding of factors that impact engagement in sports among children with limb absence. Implications for Rehabilitation Children with limb absence present with unique barriers and facilitators to participating in sports, thus, what may be a facilitator or barrier for one child may not for another. Strategies to increase a child's participation in sports should consider both person and environmental factors. Rehabilitation professionals can play a crucial role in educating both families and the community on living and coping with a limb difference, services and community supports available, and the use of specialized prosthesis and attachments for sport participation.
Prosthetic options for patients with proximal upper limb absence are limited. Current above-elbow prostheses may restore basic motor functions for crucial activities, but they are cumbersome to operate, lack sensory feedback, and are often abandoned. Targeted muscle reinnervation is a novel surgical procedure that enhances the ability of patients with above-elbow amputations to intuitively control a myoelectric prosthesis. By transferring multiple severed peripheral nerves to a robust target muscle, targeted muscle reinnervation restores physiologic continuity and enables more intuitive prosthetic control. Although reports have been limited to adults, targeted muscle reinnervation has great potential for application in a pediatric population with congenital or acquired proximal upper limb absence. In this review, the authors describe the rehabilitative challenges of proximal upper limb amputees and outline the objectives, techniques, and outcomes of targeted muscle reinnervation. The authors then discuss important considerations for adapting targeted muscle reinnervation to pediatric patients, including cause of upper limb absence, central plasticity, timing of prosthesis fitting, role of the family, surgical feasibility, and bioethical aspects. The authors believe that carefully screened school-age children and adolescents with bilateral proximal upper limb absence, and select adolescents with unilateral proximal upper limb absence, should be seriously considered for targeted muscle reinnervation performed by an experienced surgical and rehabilitation team.
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