Background: Certain anesthetic agents on account of their anticonvulsant property have a negative impact on motor seizure duration. Etomidate and propofol being devoid of the strong anticonvulsant property may be beneficial for use in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). ECT requires sedation with a short-term anesthetic agent that does not interfere with seizure activity and has rapid onset and recovery to facilitate fast-tracking. Aims: The primary objective of this study was to compare motor seizure duration, and the secondary objective was to compare induction time, hemodynamic parameters, recovery time, and adverse effects between propofol and etomidate in modified ECT. Settings and Design: This is a prospective, double- blind, randomized, controlled study conducted in the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive care in a tertiary care hospital during 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: After ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee and written informed consent, a total of 70 patients, aged 18–65 years were randomly allocated using computer generated random number list into two groups - Group A - Propofol (1%) - 1.0 mg.kg −1 and Group B - Etomidate 0.2 mg.kg −1 as an intravenous induction agent. Intraoperatively, motor seizure duration, induction time, and hemodynamic parameters and at the end of procedure recovery parameters were assessed. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were described in terms of number (%) and mean ± standard deviation. Comparison of quantitative variables between the study groups was done using Student t -test and Mann Whitney U test for parametric and nonparametric variables respectively. For comparing categorical data, Chi -square (χ2) test was performed. Results: Mean motor seizure duration with etomidate (55.17 ± 19.06 s) was longer as compared to propofol (27.80 ± 17.33 s), and the difference was highly significant ( P < 0.001). Among hemodynamic parameters, there was a significant increase in heart rate ( P = 0.016) and significant fall in mean arterial pressure ( P = 0.005) after induction with propofol as compared to etomidate. Conclusion: Etomidate has the advantage of longer seizure duration and stable hemodynamics. It can be a useful alternative in patients achieving suboptimal therapeutic responses to ECT or where seizure duration is too short.
Background and Aims: Sensory afferent nerve branches of lower six thoracic and upper lumbar nerves innervate the anterior abdominal wall and are the therapeutic focus of local anesthetics to provide analgesia for the abdominal surgical incision. Central neuraxial and regional analgesia can provide better control of pain due to right subcostal incision used in open cholecystectomy and attenuate the need for opioids. The earlier studies which showed the benefit of the thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for analgesia after upper abdominal surgeries did not compare TPVB with oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane (OSTAP) block. Therefore, the current study compares the analgesic efficacy of TPVB and OSTAP block in open cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: Seventy consenting adults scheduled for open cholecystectomy were allocated to one of the two groups: ultrasound-guided TPVB (Group I) and ultrasound-guided OSTAP block (Group II). The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare tramadol consumption in 48 h in both the groups along with VAS in post anesthesia care unit, and then at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. The secondary objective of the study is to assess the incidence of PONV. Results: The number of doses of rescue analgesia required was less in Group I when compared with Group II ( P < 0.001). Patients in Group I had significantly lower pain scores than Group II. Although in the initial 8 h, both groups had comparable pain scores, after 8 h, these scores were significantly lower in patients in Group I. Less postoperative nausea and vomiting was seen in Group I patients (11.7%) in comparison to Group II (18.1%). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided TPVB is superior to OSTAP block because of its association with decreased postoperative opioid consumption, lower VAS score, and reduction in opioid-related side effects. Thus, it should be strongly considered as a part of multimodal analgesia regimen in upper abdominal surgeries.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, persistent, and disabling mental illness. Statistically, the lifetime prevalence of depression is 17%, but only 6% of those living with depression receive standard treatments. ECT has a long track record of success; it is one of the oldest forms of treatment for TRD. On the other hand, rTMS is a non-invasive, painless stimulation of the Central Nervous System (CNS) used to treat TRD.
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