The teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm has shown competitive performance in solving numerous real-world optimization problems. Nevertheless, this algorithm requires better control for exploitation and exploration to prevent premature convergence (i.e., trapped in local optima), as well as enhance solution diversity. Thus, this paper proposes a new TLBO variant based on Mamdani fuzzy inference system, called ATLBO, to permit adaptive selection of its global and local search operations. In order to assess its performances, we adopt ATLBO for the mixed strength t-way test generation problem. Experimental results reveal that ATLBO exhibits competitive performances against the original TLBO and other meta-heuristic counterparts.The teaching learning-based optimization algorithm (TLBO) [6,7] adopts a simplistic approach of disregarding the control parameters (i.e., parameter free). TLBO specifically performs both global and local search sequentially per iteration to balance exploration and exploitation. Given that exploration and exploitation are dynamic in nature depending on the current search space region, any preset division between the two can be counter-productive and may lead to poor quality solutions. This paper addresses these issues through a new TLBO variant, adaptive TLBO (ATLBO) integrated with the Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system [8,9]. ATLBO adaptively selects its local and global search operations. In order to assess its performances, we adopt ATLBO for the mixed strength t-way test generation problem.Our contributions are summarized as follows:The novel ATLBO strategy based on the Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system is presented for exploration (i.e., global search) and exploitation (i.e., local search) selection. ATLBO is the first TLBO-variant strategy that addresses generation for both uniform and mixedstrength t-way test suite.This study is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the theoretical framework that covers the generation problem of t-way test and its mathematical notation. Section 3 describes the related work. Section 4 highlights the original TLBO algorithm and its variants, along with its applications. Section 5 outlines the novel ATLBO. Benchmark experiments are presented in Section 6. Section 7 and 8 discusses the experimental observations and validity threats, respectively. Finally, Section 9 concludes this study and presents the scope for future work. Covering Array (CA) and the Generation Problem of Mixed-Strength t-way TestThe generation problem of t-way test is often associated with CA notation, where t represents the desired interaction strength. A CA (N; t, p, v), which is also expressed as CA (N; t, v p ), is a combinatorial structure constructed as an array of N rows and p columns (i.e., parameters) on v values, such that every N × t sub-array contains all ordered subsets from the v values of size t at least once [10]. When the number of component values varies, this condition can be handled by a mixed CA (MCA) (N; t, p, (v 1 , v 2 , …v i )) or MCA (N;...
Software architecture (SA) has a prominent role in all stages of system development. Given the persistent evolution of software systems over time, SA tends to be eroded or degraded. Such phenomenon is called architectural degradation. In light of this phenomenon, the current study focuses on problems of architectural erosion in the open-source software (OSS). There has been a significant research activity on the OSS over the last decade. Nonetheless, the architectural degradation problems in the OSS are still scattered and disorganized. In addition, there has been no systematic attempt made on existing studies to provide evidence, insight and better understanding for researchers and practitioners. The main objective of the present study is to provide a profound understanding and to review the existing studies on the architectural erosion of the OSS. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) to gather, organize, classify, and analyze the architectural degradation of previous papers published until the year 2020. The data for this study were collected from eight major online databases (ACM, Springer, ScienceDirect, Taylor, IEEE Explorer, Scopus, Web of Science, and Wiley). A total of 74 primary studies were identified as the final samples of this research. The results indicated that rapid software evolution, frequent changes, and the lack of developers' awareness are the most common causes occurred in architecture degradation. Meanwhile, the prominent key indicators of architectural erosion symptoms are code smells and architectural smells. Additionally, the results indicated the most commonly used of the proposed solution for addressing architectural erosion is the metrics-based strategy. Acknowledging the limitations of the current study, more studies are needed that focus on determining other causes that are still ambiguous and improving the other solutions to provide better results in the precision and effectiveness of addressing architectural erosion.
This paper describes the test oracle generation from an abstraction relation document that is documented using Parnas's Module Documentation (MD) method. This work is part of ongoing research that addresses the problem of improving the effectiveness of fault detection. We focus our work on unit/module testing where each module may consist of several programs. The aim of our project is to investigate the strategies and techniques to automate module testing. In particular, we investigate the use of MD that is written in standard mathematical notation to automate the process of test oracle generation and test execution.
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