Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs)
with high energy densities
appear promising to meet the increasing demand for safe and sustainable
energy storage devices. However, electrode research on this low-cost
and green system are faced with stiff challenges of identifying materials
that permit divalent ion-intercalation/deintercalation. Herein, we
present layered-type LiV3O8 (LVO) as a prospective
intercalation cathode for zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with high storage
capacities. The detailed phase evolution study during Zn intercalation
using electrochemistry, in situ XRD, and simulation techniques reveals
the large presence of a single-phase domain that proceeds via a stoichiometric
ZnLiV3O8 phase to reversible solid–solution
Zn
y
LiV3O8 (y > 1) phase. The unique behavior, which is different
from
the reaction with lithium, contributes to high specific capacities
of 172 mAh g–1 and amounts to 75% retention of the
maximum capacity achieved in 65 cycles with 100% Coulombic efficiency
at a current density of 133 mA g–1. The remarkable
performance makes the development of this low-cost and safe battery
technology very promising, and this study also offers opportunities
to enhance the understanding on electrochemically induced metastable
phases for energy storage applications.
The
development of new battery technologies requires them to be
well-established given the competition from lithium ion batteries
(LIBs), a well-commercialized technology, and the merits should surpass
other available technologies’ characteristics for battery applications.
Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ARZIBs) represent a budding
technology that can challenge LIBs with respect to electrochemical
features because of the safety, low cost, high energy density, long
cycle life, high-volume density, and stable water-compatible features
of the metal zinc anode. Research on ARZIBs utilizing mild acidic
electrolytes is focused on developing cathode materials with complete
utilization of their electro-active materials. This progress is, however,
hindered by persistent issues and consequences of divergent electrochemical
mechanisms, unwanted side reactions, and unresolved proton insertion
phenomena, thereby challenging ARZIB commercialization for large-scale
energy storage applications. Herein, we broadly review two important
cathodes, manganese and vanadium oxides, that are witnessing rapid
progress toward developing state-of-the-art ARZIB cathodes.
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