Cooling of turbine components that come in contact with the hot gases strongly affects the turbine's efficiency and service life. Designing effective and efficient cooling configurations requires detailed understanding on how geometry and operating conditions affect the way coolant cools the turbine materials. Experimental measurements that can reveal such information are difficult and costly to obtain because gas turbines operate at high temperatures (up to 2000 K), high pressures (30+ bar), and the dimensions of many key features in the cooling configurations are small (millimeters or smaller). This paper presents a method that enables experiments to be conducted at near room temperatures, near atmospheric pressures, and using scaled-up geometries to reveal the temperature and heat-flux distributions within turbine materials as if the experiments were conducted under engine operating conditions. The method is demonstrated by performing conjugate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses on two test problems. Both problems involve a thermal barrier coating (TBC)-coated flat plate exposed to a hot-gas environment on one side and coolant flow on the other. In one problem, the heat transfer on the coolant side is enhanced by inclined ribs. In the other, it is enhanced by an array of pin fins. This conjugate CFD study is based on 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) closed by the shear-stress-transport turbulence model for the fluid phase and the Fourier law for the solid phase. Results obtained show that, of the dimensionless parameters that are important to this problem, it is the Biot number that dominates. This study also shows that for two geometrically similar configurations, if the Biot number distributions on the corresponding hot-gas and coolant sides are nearly matched, then the magnitude and contours of the nondimensional temperature and heat-flux distributions in the material will be nearly the same for the two configurations—even though the operating temperatures and pressures differ considerably. Thus, experimental measurements of temperature and heat-flux distributions within turbine materials that are obtained under “laboratory” conditions could be scaled up to provide meaningful results under “engine” relevant conditions.
Mass transfer across gas and liquid boundary layers into the core of drops with liquid phase first order chemical reaction has been analyzed for spherical drops in the Reynolds number range of 50 < Reg < 400. The realistic and computationally efficient simulation of this gas absorption system is applicable in a variety of engineering fields including gas‐liquid mass transfer in drops and sprays.
The present paper deals with the fluid mechanics and mass transfer with chemical reaction of a single drop. In computer experiments good predictive agreement has been achieved with measured data. The theoretical results were generalized to show the influence of three major system parameters: Peclet number Peg or Pel Damköhler number Da and the distribution coefficient at the gas‐liquid interface, M, on mass transfer and to demonstrate the importance of coupled gas‐ and liquid‐phase resistances to gas absorption under practical conditions.
-This work presents new predictive correlations for heat transfer to immiscible liquid-liquid mixtures in a spiral plate heat exchanger. Liquid-liquid heat transfer studies were carried out in spiral plate heat exchangers for the water-octane, water-kerosene, and water-dodecane systems. For each composition of the mixture, the mass flow rate of the cold fluid was varied, keeping that of the hot fluid and the fluid inlet temperatures constant. Two-phase cold flow rates were in the laminar range, while the hot fluid flow was turbulent. Calculations of the LMTD (log mean temperature difference) correction factor showed that the flow was countercurrent. Heat transfer coefficients of the two-phase liquids were found to be strongly dependent on the composition of the liquid mixture and exhibited abrupt transitions as a function of the compositions. Given the absence of predictive correlations in the literature that sufficiently capture this compositiondependence, new empirical correlations were developed using part of the experimental data, with the composition of the cold fluid as an explicit variable. Statistical analysis of the regression yielded satisfactory results. The correlations were tested against the rest of the experimental data and were found to predict heat transfer coefficients within ± 15%. These preliminary studies should be useful in designing compact exchangers for handling two-phase water-organics mixtures.
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