PSC patients present with more advanced stage and with worse survival outcomes than other NSCLC patients. While surgical resection conveys a survival advantage in PSC, this group represents a population at a high risk for relapse and should be evaluated for novel adjuvant therapies.

A substantial number of well-staged carcinoid patients had LN metastases. Large tumor size is a valuable predictor of carcinoid nodal disease. LN involvement was an independent predictor of worse survival. Nodal dissection in tumors > 2 cm and in atypical subtype can yield important prognostic information.