The battle of Tanga, lasting from 2 to 5 November 1914, between the British and Germans was the opening clash in a relatively little-known campaign that was to last over four years. It was conceived as part of a wider plan to ensure British maritime superiority in the Indian Ocean as well as depriving the Germans of their system of overseas wireless transmission stations. However, through a lack of considered analysis and departmental ambitions, it evolved into an ill-thought-out attempt to seize the whole of German East Africa with two brigades of the Indian army. The landings at Tanga were compromised by the need to renounce a local truce, followed by the dilatory disembarkation of the fighting troops. A rapid attempt to take the town was bloodily repulsed by the German defenders and a second, more deliberate attack was similarly defeated. Fearing a greater catastrophe, the British force withdrew to British East Africa and assumed a defensive posture. The affair highlighted a number of weaknesses and defects in British training and operational readiness for modern war. Kumbake Erlebnisse eines Artzes in Deutsch-Ostafrika (Berlin, 1943). The Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, has a vast amount of information relating both to Tanga and to the campaign as a whole. The War Office records (WO) 33, 95 and 158, the Admiralty records (ADM) 123 and 137, and the Cabinet Office records (CAB) 5, 8, 21, 22, 23, 44 and 45 are particularly useful for Tanga.
Enlighten-Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Vol 13 2009 analysis 507 that is to say one which is fully informed and voluntary-a position which leaves considerable scope for interpretation. That said, the principle of causation, and its basis, have been clearly set out by the House of Lords and they have the potential to exclude liability in certain cases. But what is the "principle" of causation defended by the appeal court? If it is not respect for autonomy, neither does it seem to be a defence of a more limited position where an act of informed consent might break the causal chain. Administration, it seems, will not break the chain of causation, and supply for immediate consumption will be treated as equivalent to administration-if not also reckless in the circumstances. 25 Causation, it appears, is not really playing any effective role here, as everything will in practice be based on the judgment of recklessness. This is unquestionably a practical approach, but it is hard to see what remains of the principles of causation.
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