Use of online evidence was associated with nursing role, and with managerial and organizational support. Diffusion of innovation theory can help to explain some of the patterns observed. The use and impact of online evidence should be interpreted in the context of nursing practice and culture.
Using a combination of sites 3 and 4 for monofilament testing gives a reasonable compromise for time, sensitivity, and specificity. Minor changes in sensitivity and specificity can lead to major changes in the prevalence of neuropathy, with implications for workload.
Calcium‐binding protein synthesis on chick intestinal polysomes is induced within 2 h of injecting vitamin‐D‐deficient birds with 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol. The induction is short‐lived: the maximum output of the binding protein is reached by 13 h after hormone injection, and declines rapidly thereafter.
This induction of calcium‐binding protein synthesis occurs by the production of active mRNA for the protein. The sedimentation coefficient of this mRNA in denaturing conditions is 18 S, equivalent to a molecular weight of approximately 700000, and the molecule contains a tract of polyadenylate.
Both polysomal and poly(A)‐containing RNA extracted from intestinal polysomes stimulate the synthesis of a range of proteins (up to 70000 molecular weight) by the wheat germ cell‐free system. Immunoprecipitable calcium‐binding protein is translated from RNA obtained from 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol‐dosed birds but not from control birds. This calcium‐binding protein is the same size (27000 molecular weight) as authentic chick calcium‐binding protein. No other proteins are specifically precipitated by the antiserum. Thus in chickens 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol‐induced calcium‐binding protein is not synthesised via any precursor molecule. The implications of this result are discussed.
1. The rapid stimulation of intestinal Ca(2+) transport observed in vitamin D-deficient chicks after receiving 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol has necessitated a re-evaluation of the correlation hitherto observed between this stimulation and the induction of calcium-binding protein synthesis. By 1h after a dose of 125ng of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, Ca(2+) transport is increased. This is at least 2h before calcium-binding protein can be detected immunologically and 1h before synthesis of the protein begins on polyribosomes, and thus the hormone stimulates Ca(2+) transport before calcium-binding-protein biosynthesis is induced. 2. The maximum increase in Ca(2+) transport observed after this dose of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (attained by 8h) is similar to that observed after 1.25-25mug of cholecalciferol, but the stimulation is only short-lived, in contrast with the effect observed after the vitamin. At later times after the hormone, however, when Ca(2+) transport has declined to its basal rate, the cellular content of calcium-binding protein remains elevated. 3. Calcium-binding protein is synthesized on free rather than membrane-bound polyribosomes, which implies that it is an intracellular protein. 4. Rachitic chicks require the presence of dietary calcium for maximum stimulation of calcium-binding protein production by cholecalciferol. 5. These results suggest that calcium-binding protein is an intracellular protein, and that its synthesis may be a consequence of the raised intracellular calcium content of the intestinal epithelial cells resulting from 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-stimulated Ca(2+) transport. We propose that calcium-binding-protein synthesis is necessary for maintaining the stimulated rate of Ca(2+) transport, which is initiated by other factors.
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