Like the gamma-subunit of Na-K-ATPase, the corticosteroid hormone-induced factor (CHIF) is a member of the FXYD family of one-transmembrane-segment proteins. Both CHIF and two splice variants of gamma, gamma(a) and gamma(b), are expressed in the kidney. Immunolocalization experiments demonstrate mutually exclusive expression of CHIF and gamma in different nephron segments. Specific coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate the existence in kidney membranes of the complexes alpha/beta/gamma(a), alpha/beta/gamma(b), and alpha/beta/CHIF and exclude mixed complexes such as alpha/beta/gamma(a)/gamma(b) and alpha/beta/gamma/CHIF. CHIF has been expressed in HeLa cells harboring the rat alpha(1)-subunit of Na-K-ATPase. (86)Rb flux experiments demonstrate that CHIF induces a two- to threefold increase in apparent affinity for cytoplasmic Na (K'(Na)) but does not affect affinity for extracellular K (Rb) ions (K'(K)) or V(max). Measurements of Na-K-ATPase using isolated membranes show similar but smaller effects of CHIF on K'(Na), whereas K'(K) and K'(ATP) are unaffected. The functional effects of CHIF differ from those of gamma. An implication of these findings is that other FXYD proteins could act as tissue-specific modulators of Na-K-ATPase.

The two variants of the ␥ subunit of the rat renal sodium pump, ␥ a and ␥ b , have similar effects on the Na,K-ATPase. Both increase the affinity for ATP due to a shift in the enzyme's E 1 7 E 2 conformational equilibrium toward E 1 . In addition, both increase K ؉ antagonism of cytoplasmic Na ؉ activation. To gain insight into the structural basis for these distinct effects, extramembranous N-terminal and C-terminal mutants of ␥ were expressed in rat ␣1-transfected HeLa cells. At the N terminus, the variant-distinct region was deleted (␥N⌬7) or replaced by alanine residues (␥N7A). At the C terminus, four (␥ a C⌬4) or ten (␥ a C⌬10) residues were deleted. None of these mutations abrogates the K ؉ /Na ؉ antagonism as evidenced in a similar increase in K Na seen at high (100 mM) K ؉ concentration. In contrast, the C-terminal as well as N-terminal deletions (␥N⌬7, ␥ a C⌬4, and

A number of missense mutations in the Na,K-ATPase ␣2 catalytic subunit have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine with aura. Two alleles (L764P and W887R) showed loss-of-function, whereas a third (T345A) is fully functional but with altered Na,KATPase kinetics. This study describes two additional mutants, R689Q and M731T, originally identified by Vanmolkot et al. , which we show here to also be functional and kinetically altered. Both mutants have reduced catalytic turnover and increased apparent affinity for extracellular K ؉ . For both R689Q and M731T, sensitivity to vanadate inhibition is decreased, suggesting that the steadystate E 1 7 E2 poise of the enzyme is shifted toward E1. Whereas the K ATP is not affected by the R689Q replacement, the M731T mutant has an increase in apparent affinity for ATP. Analysis of the structural changes effected by T345A, R689Q, and M731T mutations, based on homologous replacements in the known crystal structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase, provides insights into the molecular bases for the kinetic alterations. It is suggested that the disease phenotype is the consequence of lowered molecular activity of the ␣2 pump isoform due to either decreased K ؉ affinity (T345A) or catalytic turnover (R689Q and M731T), thus causing a delay in extracellular K ؉ clearance and͞or altered localized Ca 2؉ handling͞signaling secondary to reduced activity in colocalized Na ؉ ͞Ca 2؉ exchange.sodium pump kinetics ͉ missense mutations ͉ ATP1A2 gene T he Na,K-ATPase catalyzes the ATP-driven exchange of three intracellular Na ϩ ions for two extracellular K ϩ ions across the plasma membrane of virtually all animal cells and is essential to the maintenance of the electrochemical alkali cation gradients that are dissipated by ion channels in the propagation of action potentials (for recent reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). The catalytic cycle of this P type ion pump involves phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a conserved aspartate residue in its catalytic ␣ subunit and conformational transitions of phosphoand dephosphoenzyme, commonly referred to as E 1 P 7 E 2 P and E 1 7 E 2 conformational transitions, respectively (see Scheme 1). Four isoforms of ␣ and three isoforms of ␤ have been described thus far. All are distributed in a tissue-and developmentally dependent manner. In adult mammals, ␣2 is located principally in skeletal muscle and brain, in particular in glial cells, and, to a lesser extent, in heart, adipocytes, and the eye (see refs. 3-6).The discovery of the association of missense mutations in the ATP1A2 gene on chromosome 1q23 that encodes the Na,KATPase ␣2 isoform with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) has been an important breakthrough in that it reflects a disease caused by a kinetically altered sodium pump and is therefore an important lead in migraine pathophysiology. Although a migraine is a common polygenic disorder, FHM is a rare autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura and is usually additionally associated with hemiparesis and other clinical features ...