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Summary Shale, like many other sedimentary rocks, is typically heterogeneous and anisotropic and is characterized by partial alignment of anisotropic clay minerals and naturally formed bedding planes. In this study, a micromechanical framework based on the lattice discrete particle model is formulated to capture these features. Material anisotropy is introduced through an approximated geometric description of shale internal structure, which includes representation of material property variation with orientation and explicit modeling of parallel lamination. The model is calibrated by carrying out numerical simulations to match various experimental data, including the ones relevant to elastic properties, Brazilian tensile strength, and unconfined compressive strength. Furthermore, parametric study is performed to investigate the relationship between the mesoscale parameters and the macroscopic properties. It is shown that the dependence of the elastic stiffness, strength, and failure mode on loading orientation can be captured successfully. Finally, a homogenization approach based on the asymptotic expansion of field variables is applied to upscale the proposed micromechanical model, and the properties of the homogenized model are analyzed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper, the Discontinuous Cell Method (DCM) is formulated with the objective of simulating cohesive fracture propagation and fragmentation in homogeneous solids without issues relevant to excessive mesh deformation typical of available Finite Element formulations. DCM discretizes solids by using the Delaunay triangulation and its associated Voronoi tessellation giving rise to a system of discrete cells interacting through shared facets. For each Voronoi cell, the displacement field is approximated on the basis of rigid body kinematics, which is used to compute a strain vector at the centroid of the Voronoi facets. Such strain vector is demonstrated to be the projection of the strain tensor at that location. At the same point stress tractions are computed through vectorial constitutive equations derived on the basis of classical continuum tensorial theories. Results of analysis of a cantilever beam are used to perform convergence studies and comparison with classical finite element formulations in the elastic regime. Furthermore, cohesive fracture and fragmentation of homogeneous solids are studied under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The mesh dependency problem, typically encountered upon adopting softening constitutive equations, is tackled through the crack band approach. This study demonstrates the capabilities of DCM by solving multiple benchmark problems relevant to cohesive crack propagation. The simulations show that DCM can handle effectively a wide range of problems from the simulation of a single propagating fracture to crack branching and fragmentation.

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