The objective of this work is to assess the potential of the atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) by direct cooling under the climate of Thailand. The assessment was considered from water scarcity, meteorological data and engineering analysis, including moisture harvesting index (MHI), water capability and energy cost. The meteorological data between 2012-2021 were used as primary data for engineering analysis. The results showed that Thailand has the potential to supply freshwater by using AWH with direct cooling. The average MHI of Thailand is 0.548 which is comparable with high potential of global assessment. 71 cities from 77 cities in Thailand have MHI over 0.50, which is the favorable condition for AWH by direct cooling. From the calculation under Thailand conditions, the water harvesting rates by direct cooling could be in the range of 0.97-1.30 L/h with energy costs as low as 0.047 USD/L for 71 cities in Thailand.
This study was aimed to compare the production time (germination and drying process) and quality of germinated brown rice (GBR) obtained from the water spraying-based GBR production (Sprayed-GBR) system and the water soaking-based GBR production (Soaked-GBR) system. The results showed that the Sprayed-GBR, in the germination process, required 2.5 h for spraying in a water spraying step to obtain paddy with the moisture content of 30% (w.b.) and 26 h in an incubation step to obtain the 90% germination percentage. This led to a shorter germination time compared to the Soaked-GBR, which required a germination time of 50 h for a 90% germination percentage. After germination, the moisture content of the Sprayed-GBR was lower than that of the Soaked-GBR. This provided a shorter drying time in the Sprayed-GBR (27 min) drying process compared with the Soaked-GBR (33 min). For GBR qualities, the Sprayed-GBR could decrease the unpleasant odor problem by providing a smaller number of attached microorganisms after germination (Shade drying), leading to a significantly higher score in the odor and the overall acceptability than the Soaked-GBR. This indicated that the Sprayed-GBR got more consumer acceptance. Moreover, the head rice yield value of the Sprayed-GBR was not different from that of the Soaked-GBR. However, the Sprayed-GBR provided a significantly lower GABA content and a significantly higher percentage of fissured kernels than the Soaked-GBR.
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