Abstract:Extensive research has been performed in solar cells field, due the fact that the main current energy sources are derived from finite fossil fuels, and cause environmental problems. In this perspective the sun can be seen as the energy future of the planet, being the most abundant renewable energy source. The solar cell basic operation is based on the semiconductors ability in converting sunlight into electricity when exposed to sun radiation. A semiconductor that has been highlighted in solar cells application is titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), due to its intrinsic properties, such as a wide bandgap, transparence to visible light, photostability, a low cost material, and others. Among the main types of solar cells applying TiO 2 are the dye-and the quantum dots-sensitized solar cells, and perovskites cells. In this review the main aspects related to synthesis, textural and morphological properties of TiO 2 of interest for application in solar cells are discussed.Keywords: Titanium dioxide; semiconductor; solar cells. ResumoExtensivas pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas com células solares (CSs), uma vez que as principais fontes de produção de energia atuais são derivadas de combustíveis fósseis finitos e que causam problemas ambientais. Nesta perspectiva, o sol pode ser visto como o futuro energético do planeta, sendo a fonte de energia renovável mais abundante. O funcionamento básico de uma CS se baseia na habilidade em que os semicondutores apresentam de converter a luz solar em eletricidade, quando expostos à radiação solar. Um dos semicondutores que têm se destacado em CSs é o dióxido de titânio (TiO 2 ), devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas, como uma larga banda proibida, transparência à luz visível, fotoestabilidade, baixo custo, dentre outras. Dentre os principais tipos de CSs que utilizam TiO 2 , estão as CSs sensibilizadas por corantes, por pontos quânticos e as de perovsquitas. Nesta revisão os principais aspectos relacionados à síntese, propriedades texturais e morfológicas do TiO 2 de interesse para aplicação em CSs são discutidos.
In this article an experimental work was evaluated to explore and disseminate solar energy thematic in an interdisciplinary way to different undergraduate courses. Initially the work was proposed as an activity of a post-graduation discipline for master and doctorate students. From this activity, it was applied an experiment on dye-sensitized solar cells, evaluated in different undergraduate courses in the form of short courses. Dye-sensitized solar cells were mounted by students, to better understand the construction and operation of these cells. Some adaptations were developed in the experiment for the classroom environment, for easier execution of the experiment. The knowledge obtained by students was evaluated from a questionnaire and the results are discussed. The adaptation of an experimental route involving solar cells in the undergraduate environment positively influenced the education of students.Keywords: Solar cell; chemistry education; interdisciplinarity. ResumoNesse artigo um experimento foi avaliado para explorar e difundir a temática de energia solar em um contexto interdisciplinar para diferentes cursos de graduação. Inicialmente o trabalho foi proposto como uma atividade de uma disciplina de pós-graduação para alunos de mestrado e doutorado. A partir dessa atividade, foi aplicado um experimento envolvendo células solares sensibilizadas por corante, avaliada em diferentes cursos de graduação na forma de minicursos. Células solares sensibilizadas por corante foram montadas pelos estudantes, para melhor compreensão sobre a construção e operação dessas células. Foram desenvolvidas algumas adaptações no experimento para o ambiente de sala de aula, facilitando sua execução, fora de um laboratório de pesquisa. Os conhecimentos obtidos pelos estudantes foram avaliados a partir de um questionário e seus resultados são discutidos. A adaptação de um roteiro experimental envolvendo células solares no ambiente de graduação influenciou positivamente na formação dos alunos.Palavras-chave: Célula solar; educação química; interdisciplinaridade.
Heavy metal-free semiconductor nanocrystals such as copper indium sulfide quantum dots (QDs) have attracted substantial attention in recent years due to environmental issues and diverse applications. We report the synthesis and characterization of copper-zinc-indium-sulfide (CZIS) QDs and CZIS treated with excess Zn 2+ at different temperatures, denoted here as CZIS/ZnS 100 and CZIS/ZnS 200. Zn 2+ can diffuse into the lattice by an exchange-cation reaction, replacing Cu + and In 3+. We employed transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to study the role of Zn 2+ in the lattice. The data were treated by global analysis, which yielded the decay associated spectra (DAS). Through DAS and second-order derivative absorption spectra, we could isolate the excitonic contribution from the metal ligand conduction band charge transfer (MLCBCT) absorption in the TA spectrum, finding the hole localization lifetime by its spectral and dynamical features. The hole localization lifetime increases from 0.3 to 1.7 ps by increasing the Zn 2+ concentration. We also measured the electron trapping constants to be 30 ps and larger than 1 ns. Finally, we concluded that the improvement in the photoluminescence quantum yield originates from accelerated radiative transition relative to the nonradiative component. A detailed mechanism was proposed, and our results suggest that the introduction of Zn 2+ in the lattice of CIS QDs could be beneficial for charge extraction.
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