Presepsin did not outperform traditional sepsis biomarkers in diagnosing sepsis from SIRS and in prognostication of mortality in critically ill patients. Presepsin may have a limited adjunct value for both diagnosis and an early risk stratification, performing independently of clinical illness severity.

Perioperative initiation of intensive insulin therapy during cardiac surgery reduces postoperative morbidity in nondiabetic patients while having a minimal effect in diabetic subjects.

Background: Septic shock often leads to supraventricular arrhythmias which contribute to haemodynamic compromise. A large retrospective study in this population generated the hypothesis that propafenone could be more effective than amiodarone in achieving and maintaining sinus rhythm in new-onset supraventricular arrhythmia. Moreover, the success of cardioversion can be predicted by certain echocardiographic parameters, which can guide the decision whether to aim for rhythm or rate control. Methods: A prospective double-blind multi-center randomized controlled trial includes patients with new-onset arrhythmia related to septic shock (2016 definition), but without severe impairment of the left ventricular ejection fraction. After baseline echocardiography, the patient will be randomised to receive a bolus and maintenance dose of either amiodarone or propafenone. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients that have achieved rhythm control at 24 hours after the start of the infusion. The secondary outcomes are the composite percentage of patients that needed rescue treatments (DC cardioversion or unblinding and cross over of the antiarrhythmics) within 24 hours, recurrence of arrhythmias, ICU mortality, 28-day and 1-year mortality. In the post-hoc analysis we plan to separately assess subgroups of patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction without left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In the exploratory part of the study we will assess whether (1.) the presence of a transmitral diastolic A wave and its higher velocity-time integral is predictive for the sustainability of mechanical sinus rhythm and whether (2.) the indexed left atrial endsystolic volume is predictive of recurrent arrhythmia. Discussion: Amiodarone has become the first-line agent of use in almost any tachyarrhythmia in the critically ill. Nevertheless, it has a wide range of side effects and may not be the most effective drug in all circumstances. In light of this, we designed a prospective randomised controlled trial. Considering that in the observational study the restoration of sinus rhythm within 24h occurred in 74% of the amiodarone-treated patients and in 89% of patients treated with propafenone, we plan to include 200 patients to have an 80% chance to demonstrate the superiority of propafenone at p=0.05. Assuming a 10% dropout, we plan to randomize 220 patients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03029169, registered on 24.1.2017. Keywords: Supraventricular arrhythmia, septic shock, propafenone, amiodarone, intensive care.

IntroductionSupraventricular arrhythmias contribute to haemodynamic compromise in septic shock. A retrospective study generated the hypothesis that propafenone could be more effective than amiodarone in achieving and maintaining sinus rhythm (SR). Certain echocardiographic parameters may predict a successful cardioversion and help in the decision on rhythm or rate control strategy.Methods and analysisThe trial includes septic shock patients with new-onset arrhythmia, but without severe impairment of the left ventricular ejection fraction. After baseline echocardiography, the patient is randomised to receive a bolus and maintenance dose of either amiodarone or propafenone. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients that have achieved rhythm control at 24 hours after the start of the infusion. The secondary outcomes are the percentages of patients that needed rescue treatments (DC cardioversion or unblinding and crossover of the antiarrhythmics), the recurrence of arrhythmias, intensive care unit mortality, 28-day and 1-year mortality. In the posthoc analysis, we separately assess subgroups of patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction. In the exploratory part of the study, we assess whether the presence of a transmitral diastolic A wave and its higher velocity-time integral is predictive for the sustainability of mechanical SR and whether the indexed left atrial endsystolic volume is predictive of recurrent arrhythmia. Considering that the restoration of SR within 24 hours occurred in 74% of the amiodarone-treated patients and in 89% of the patients treated with propafenone, we plan to include 200 patients to have an 80% chance to demonstrate the superiority of propafenone at p=0.05.Ethics and disseminationThe trial is recruiting patients according to its second protocol version approved by the University Hospital Ethical Board on the 6 October 2017 (No. 1691/16S-IV). The results will be disseminated through peer reviewed publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT03029169.