The eukaryotic endomembrane system is a complex series of interconnected membranous organelles that play important roles in responding to stress and maintaining cell homeostasis during health and disease. Two components of this system, exosome biogenesis and autophagy, are linked by the endolysosomal pathway. Exosomes are cargo-laden extracellular vesicles that arise from endosome-derived multivesicular bodies, and autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradation and recycling pathway. Recent studies have revealed shared molecular machinery between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, as well as substantial crosstalk between these two processes. In this Review, we first describe the classic view of exosome biogenesis and autophagy, including their links to the endolysosomal pathway. We then present the evidence for autophagy-related proteins in exosome biogenesis, the emerging roles of amphisomes and the evolving models of exosome-autophagy pathway interactions. Finally, we discuss the implications of exosome and autophagy interplay in the context of neurodegeneration and cancer.
of the power systems in network planning is likely to lead This paper discusses the merits of an analytical method for to higher system costs and reduced reliability. This paper determining the location and amount of series addresses transmission capability limits and concerns itself compensation to increase the steady state power transfer primarily with planning decisions. capability in the power system based primarily on cascading line overload considerations. Steady state transmission limits deJne the boundaries of a power system operating point. This paper presents tools to identi3 these boundaries and analytically estimates the change in the boundary limits due to the application of series and shunt compensation. The approach identiJies critical lines that can initiate cascading line outages and identifies the optimal location and amount for series compensation. The methodology can also be used to select sites for devices that can extend the mailability ofpower in $0 wgates.
The sintered alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) ceramic materials featured with high temperature stability, excellent wear resistance, and high strength are highly in demand for various commercial applications. Alumina ceramics in the sintered state are difficult to machine owing to their high hardness. This research focuses on the study on the machinability of sintered alumina ceramic materials by using chemical vapor deposition diamond coating tools. Milling cutting tests are performed on a common 3-axis computer numerical control milling center. Four fluted tungsten carbide end mills with chemical vapor deposition diamond coating are utilized to machine alumina ceramics at different cutting speeds, feed rates, and widths of cut. The cutting process outcome is evaluated based on the machined surface's finish, tool wear and life, the material removal rate, and the cutting force. It is found that the milling machining process for alumina ceramic materials using chemical vapor deposition diamond coating tools is feasible with adequate machining conditions, and the machining outcome largely depends on the cutting conditions. Two alumina ceramics parts are also fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed machining processes. The details of the machining experiments and the obtained results are presented in this article.
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