Achievement of haemostasis is similar with both AngioSeal and StarClose. The StarClose vascular closure device results in significantly less bruising at 1 week postprocedure as compared with AngioSeal, with no significant differences in complication rates. Patients' pain perception and satisfaction are similar with both VCDs.

Right ventricular pacing induces increased AFB in patients with paroxysmal AF in the long term. Dual chamber MinVP algorithms result in reduced AFB and reduced disease progression from paroxysmal to persistent AF in the long term.

Although many patients with AF will have persistent episodes, long-term continuous pacemaker follow-up demonstrates that the majority will have a paroxysmal, as opposed to persistent, form of the arrhythmia.

NCT02016950, http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02016950.