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We studied the sensory structures and tegumental glands of two harvestmen species, Neosadocus sp. and Iporangaia pustulosa. We also provide field data of dietary items and data on the foraging behavior of Neosadocus sp. in captivity. Food include mostly immobile items such as dead insects, fruits and feces; the mobility of foraging animals in starvation was greater than in satiation conditions; no trichobothria was found; metatarsal paired slit sensilla and three other sensilla are described for the first time in harvestmen. We discuss the possible relationship between sensory structures, diet and foraging mobility, comparing with other groups of Arachnida. We also describe five new tegumental glands, one sexually dimorphic in the metatarsus IV of I. pustulosa males and two that are rubbed against the substrate while walking, present in both species. This is the first morphological evidence that harvestmen might leave chemical marks on the substrate.

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The prevalence of drugs use in children was high, indicating the need for formulating educational programs aiming at the awareness of caregivers regarding rational use.

It is generally accepted that distinct cytokine expression by the cellular immune response plays a critical role during the outcome of experimental as well as natural canine visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). Despite the fact that immunoprophylaxis of CVL has become an important control strategy and protective immunity has been reported upon immunization with whole as well as purified Leishmania antigens, the cytokine profile of T-cells triggered by anti-CVL vaccines still remain to be determined. Herein, we have developed a cross-sectional analysis of German Shepherd dogs submitted to vaccination protocols with Leishvaccine (n=6) and Leishmune (n=6). Our data identified distinct immunological profiles elicited by Leishvaccine and Leishmune, with the Leishvaccine triggering a mixed, IFN-gamma and IL-4, cytokine pattern in addition to high levels of anti-Leishmania IgG1, whereas the Leishmune induced an immunological pattern characterized by enhanced levels of IFN-gamma, NO and anti-Leishmania chagasi IgG2. It was important to notice that despite the distinct immunological patterns triggered by Leishvaccine and Leishmune, the ability of both immunobiologicals to activate T-cell-derived IFN-gamma synthesis further suggesting their immunogenic potential against CVL. These findings added support to our hypothesis that both antigenic composition (whole antigen in Leishvaccine versus purified antigen in Leishmune) as well as the adjuvant nature (BGC and saponin) used for the vaccine formulation may count for the distinct activation pattern observed.