A adubação nitrogenada proporciona incremento na produtividade das pastagens, sendo a aplicação foliar uma alternativa complementar. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de nitrogênio (N) na produção de forragem, acúmulo de N, proteína bruta e no índice de cor verde das folhas de capim Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça. O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural situada no município de Nova Guarita - MT, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação foliar de cinco doses de N (0 (controle), 15, 30, 45 e 60 kg ha-1 de N). Foram conduzidos dois ciclos, realizando-se a coleta da forragem para a determinação da massa de matéria verde e seca, teor e acúmulo de N na matéria seca e teor de proteína bruta (PB). No último ciclo também foram realizadas as mensurações do índice da intensidade da cor verde da folha. A aplicação foliar de nitrogênio proporcionou aumento na produção de forragem, índice da cor verde, acúmulo de N, sendo, portanto, uma importante prática complementar a adubação do solo. Houve incremento no teor de proteína bruta, atingindo valores acima do mínimo necessário para o consumo animal. A aplicação de 35,24 kg ha-1 de N foi a dose de maior produção com 1.799 kg ha-1 de matéria seca.
A adubação nitrogenada na cultura da soja, associada a inoculação com a bactéria Bradyrhizobium japonicum é uma prática comum na agricultura, no entanto, muito contestada. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a resposta da soja à aplicação foliar de N em diferentes estádios fenológicos e à aplicação de inoculante com Bradyrhizobium japonicum. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta-MT. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio (R1 - Início de floração, R3 - Final da floração, R5.1 - Grãos perceptíveis ao tato e R5.3 - Maioria das vagens entre 25-50% de granação) e presença ou ausência de Bradyrhizobium japonicum, com quatro repetições. Conclui-se que a aplicação de nitrogênio foliar na cultura da soja no estágio R1 proporcionou aumento no acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea, no número de vagens e de grãos por planta. A presença do inoculante proporcionou maior número de vagens quando aplicou se N nas épocas R1 e R3, já para a matéria seca de parte aérea, o melhor resultado foi obtido, quando o N foi aplicado em R 5.3, na ausência do inoculante.Palavras-chave: adubação nitrogenada, fixação biológica, inoculante. LEAF APPLICATION OF NITROGEN IN DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES IN SOYBEAN AND INOCULATION WITH Bradyrhizobium japonicum ABSTRACT:Nitrogen fertilization in soybean crop, associated with inoculation with a bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a common practice in agriculture, however, much contested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of soybeans to foliar application of N in different stages of phenology and the application of inoculant with the diazotrophic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the State University of Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta-MT. The completely randomized experimental design was used in a 4x2 factorial arrangement, with 4 nitrogen application times (R1 - Beginning of flowering, R3 - Final flowering, R5.1 - Grains perceptible to touch and R5.3 - Most pods between 25 -50% granulation) and presence or absence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, with 4 replicates. It was concluded that the application of leaf nitrogen in the non-stage soybean crop provided an increase in the accumulation of nitrogen in the aerial part, there is no number of pods and grains per plant. The presence of the inoculant provided a larger number of pods when applicable. N in the periods R1 and R3, and for the aerial part dry matter, the best result obtained when it was obtained in R 5.3, in the absence of the inoculant.Keywords: nitrogen fertilization, biological fixation, inoculant.
A teca (Tectona grandis L. F) é uma espécie florestal que é favorecida pela elevação da saturação por bases do solo (V%) devido, principalmente, à sua alta exigência em cálcio (Ca). Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de calcário e saturação de base alcançadas, sobre os atributos químicos de fertilidade do solo e no desenvolvimento vegetativo, acúmulo de matéria seca e qualidade de mudas de teca. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de calcário equivalentes a 0 (tratamento controle); 1,4; 3,7 e 5,2 Mg ha-1, com oito repetições. Por ser um atributo que melhor representa o solo e diretamente relacionado às doses de calcário aplicadas, utilizou-se os valores de saturação por bases do solo (V%) para apresentação e interpretação dos dados. Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas, produção de massa seca e os índices de qualidade das mudas advindos das relações morfológicas. A aplicação de diferentes doses de calcário elevou o V%, aumentou o pH, teores de Ca e Mg no solo e diminuiu a acidez potencial. O maior crescimento, acúmulo de biomassa e qualidade das mudas de teca, aos 75 dias após o transplantio, foi proporcionado pela saturação por bases média de 36%.
Compaction problems in heavily tilled soils have been commonly mitigated with the use of cover plants. Aiming to evaluate the effects of compaction on the physical properties of a plyntic Haplic-Alitic Cambisol soil after development of different cover crops, a complete randomized blocks design experiment, with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement and four replications, was conducted. Treatments consisted of cultivation of two legume species, crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.) and stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Estilosantes capitata + Estilosantes macrocephala) and a grass species, brachiaria (Urochloa brizhantha cv. Marandu), subjected to soil compaction: CM–Conventional soil management (tillage) without additional compaction; CMc4 and CMc8–conventional soil management with additional compaction using a 6 Mg tractor in four and eight wheel passes. Conventional management with additional compaction does not affect significantly the physical attributes at a soil depth of 0.10-0.20 m, and only the soil moisture does not differ according to the soil management, irrespective of the depth and kind of cover plant. Traffic levels in four passes result in an increased soil bulk density and macroporosity in the 0.0-0.05 m, and in soil resistance to penetration and total porosity in the layer up to 0.10 m. Cover crops are important in maintaining soil physical quality to reduce the negative effects of compacting forces, especially to stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande that provided greater soil protection in systems with or without addition of compaction, conditioning the lowest values of bulk density and soil resistance to penetration.
The low natural fertility of tropical soils and the mineralogy almost dominated by iron and aluminum oxides limit the availability of phosphorus (P) to the plants, causing negative impacts on soybean yield. Objective was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on soils with different maximum phosphorus adsorption capacities (PAC) in soybean development. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, using Red-yellow Latosol (RYL) and a Typic Hapludalf (TH) soil as substrate. The analyses were performed by a completely randomized experimental design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments consisted of 5 doses of P applied, corresponding to 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24% of PAC of each soil. In the soil, the mineralogy of the clay fraction (hematite, goethite, gibbsite and kaolinite) and crystallographic attributes were characterized. In the plant, we evaluated growth and pod production. The PAC of the soils ranged from 220 to 650 mg dm -3 with higher value in the RYL associated to clayey oxidic mineralogy and texture in relation to the TH of kaolinite origin and sandy texture, where the higher energy of adsorption observed was to TH. Phosphorus application from 16 to 21% of PAC, independently of the soil, promotes the same pattern of response with improvements in soybean development evidenced by increases in P content in plant tissue, plant height, root volume and aerial dry mass.
Phytochromes have been reported as strategic photoreceptors that can modulate the partition of photoassimilates between source and sink. However, so far, it is unknown whether phytochrome accumulation in the root is part of the control mechanisms of the source-sink relationship that modulates root and shoot growth. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate phytochrome involvement in the source-sink relationship and in the vegetative and reproductive development of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom or MT). The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments, provided by grafting combinations between aurea (au), which is phytochrome deficient, and the near isogenic line MT: (MT/MT, au/au, MT/au and au/MT). We observed differentiated responses for many parameters analyzed. For example, the root dry mass accumulation and stern diameter obtained by MT/MT, MT/au and au/MT grafting were 33% and 31% higher, respectively, than those obtained by au/au. In the au/MT combination, there were greater root dry mass and total dry mass accumulations. Based on the changes in vegetative and reproductive development observed from grafting combinations between MT and the mutant au, we can conclude that phytochromes function in the control of photoassimilate partitioning between roots and stems during tomato growth.
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