Background
Given the association of NAFLD with metabolic risks, a name change to MAFLD is proposed. We compared the long‐term outcomes of NAFLD and MAFLD.
Methods
We included patients with fatty liver disease (FLD) from NHANES III and NHANES 2017–2018 (FLD defined as moderate to severe hepatic steatosis by ultrasound for NHANES III and as having a controlled attenuation parameter ≥285 dB/m for NHANES 2017–2018). NAFLD was defined as FLD without other liver diseases and excess alcohol use. Metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was defined as FLD and metabolic dysfunction per criteria. All NHANES III participants had linked mortality data through December 31, 2015.
Results
NHANES III participants (n = 12,878): mean age 43.1 years old; 49.5% male; 20.3% with FLD, 16.5% with NAFLD, and 18.1% with MAFLD. NHANES 2017–2018 participants (n = 4328): mean age 48.0 years old; 49.1% male; 36.8% with FLD, 34.2% with NAFLD, and 36.3% with MAFLD. Excellent concordance was noted between MAFLD and NAFLD diagnosis in both data sets (kappa coefficient = 0.83–0.94). Except for components of each definition (e.g., alcohol use for MAFLD), no other major differences in clinical characteristics were noted. During up to 27 years of follow‐up (median of 22.8 years), no differences in cumulative all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality were noted. In addition to the stage of fibrosis, insulin resistance was a predictor of liver mortality in NAFLD, and alcohol‐associated liver disease (ALD) was a predictor of mortality in MAFLD.
Conclusions
MAFLD and NAFLD have similar clinical profiles and long‐term outcomes. The increased liver‐related mortality among NAFLD is driven by insulin resistance, and among MAFLD is primarily driven by ALD.
We report the development of in vivo subcellular high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for proteo-metabolomic molecular systems biology in complex tissues.W ith light microscopy, we identified the left-dorsal and left-ventral animal cells in cleavage-stage non-sentient Xenopus laevis embryos.U sing precision-translated fabricated microcapillaries,t he subcellular content of each cell was double-probed, each time swiftly (< 5s/event) aspirating < 5% of cell volume ( % 10 nL). The proteins and metabolites were analyzed by home-built ultrasensitive capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization employing orbitrap or time-of-flight HRMS.Labelfree detection of % 150 metabolites (57 identified) and 738 proteins found proteo-metabolomic networks with differential quantitative activities between the cell types.With spatially and temporally scalable sampling, the technology preserved the integrity of the analyzed cells,t he neighboring cells,a nd the embryo.95% of the analyzed embryos developed into sentient tadpoles that were indistinguishable from their wild-type siblings based on anatomy and visual function in abackground color preference assay.
We report the development of in vivo subcellular high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for proteo-metabolomic molecular systems biology in complex tissues.W ith light microscopy, we identified the left-dorsal and left-ventral animal cells in cleavage-stage non-sentient Xenopus laevis embryos.U sing precision-translated fabricated microcapillaries,t he subcellular content of each cell was double-probed, each time swiftly (< 5s/event) aspirating < 5% of cell volume ( % 10 nL). The proteins and metabolites were analyzed by home-built ultrasensitive capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization employing orbitrap or time-of-flight HRMS.Labelfree detection of % 150 metabolites (57 identified) and 738 proteins found proteo-metabolomic networks with differential quantitative activities between the cell types.With spatially and temporally scalable sampling, the technology preserved the integrity of the analyzed cells,t he neighboring cells,a nd the embryo.95% of the analyzed embryos developed into sentient tadpoles that were indistinguishable from their wild-type siblings based on anatomy and visual function in abackground color preference assay.
We present the first example of in vivo high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for subcellular molecular systems biology of proteins and metabolites. With light microscopy, we identified the left-dorsal and left-ventral animal cells in cleavage-stage non-sentient Xenopus laevis embryos. Using precision-translated fabricated microcapillaries, the subcellular content of each cell was double-probed, each time collecting <5% of cell volume (~10 nL) swiftly (<5 s/event). The proteins and metabolites were analyzed by custom-built ultrasensitive capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization employing Orbitrap and time-of-flight HRMS. Label-free detection of ~150 metabolites (57 identified) and 738 proteins found proteo-metabolomic networks with differential quantitative activities between the cell types. Spatially and temporally scalable sampling the technology preserved the integrity of the analyzed cells, the neighboring cells, and the embryo. 95% of the analyzed embryos developed into sentient tadpoles that were indistinguishable from their wild-type siblings based on anatomy and visual function in a background color preference assay.
Bioanalytics Single‐cell mass spectrometry was advanced by Peter Nemes et al. in their Research Article on page 12852 to enable dual characterization of proteins and metabolites in embryo cells.
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