Academic and athletic identities are related to performance and wellbeing indicators in both the educational and sport domains, respectively. This paper presents a systematic literature review examining empirical research into the academic and athletic identities of student-athletes in dual (education and sport) careers. The 42 records identified in this review suggest that research on the academic and athletic identities of student-athletes has focused on the themes of: identity development, role conflict, career development and motivation, and student-athlete stereotypes. Future research directions are considered, including the need for mixed-methods and longitudinal assessments of academic and athletic identities to assess to dynamic nature of identity development, and to ascertain how these relate to future performance and wellbeing outcomes.
Background Promoting psychological well-being and preventing distress among pregnant women is an important public health goal. In addition to adversely impacting the mother’s health and well-being, psychological distress in pregnancy increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, compromises infant socioemotional development and bonding, and heightens maternal and child vulnerability in the postpartum period. Mindfulness and compassion-based interventions show potential for prevention and early intervention for perinatal distress. As there is an established need for accessible, scalable, flexible, and low-cost interventions, there is increased interest in the delivery of these programs on the web. This project aims to pilot a three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) to determine the feasibility of a full-scale RCT comparing 2 web-based interventions (mindfulness vs loving-kindness and compassion) with a web-based active control condition (progressive muscle relaxation). Objective The primary objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of an RCT protocol comparing the 3 conditions delivered on the web as a series of instructional materials and brief daily practices over a course of 8 weeks. The second objective is to explore the experiences of women in the different intervention conditions. The third objective is to estimate SD values for the outcome measures to inform the design of an adequately powered trial to determine the comparative efficacy of the different conditions. Methods Pregnant women (n=75) participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study (the ORIGINS project) will be recruited to this study from 18 weeks of gestational age. We will assess the acceptability and feasibility of recruitment and retention strategies and the participants’ engagement and adherence to the interventions. We will also assess the experiences of women in each of the 3 intervention conditions by measuring weekly changes in their well-being and engagement with the program and by conducting a qualitative analysis of postprogram interviews. Results This project was funded in September 2019 and received ethics approval on July 8, 2020. Enrollment to the study will commence in September 2020. Feasibility of a full-scale RCT will be assessed using ADePT (a process for decision making after pilot and feasibility trials) criteria. Conclusions If the study is shown to be feasible, results will be used to inform future full-scale RCTs. Evidence for flexible, scalable, and low-cost interventions could inform population health strategies to promote well-being and reduce psychological distress among pregnant women. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number 12620000672954p; http://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12620000672954p.aspx International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/19803
T he bacterium Mycoplasma bovis is an economically important pathogen of cattle that contributes to the multifactorial bovine respiratory disease complex. In addition to causing respiratory disease, this bacterium can cause polyarthritis, mastitis, otitis media, and a chronic pneumonia-polyarthritis syndrome, impacting beef and dairy cattle worldwide (1). Despite increased recognition of its role in economic loss in the cattle industry, M. bovis remains a clinical challenge because of a common carrier state in clinically healthy animals, variable disease expression, intermittent shedding, and the lack of rapid accurate diagnostic assays (1,2). Clinical disease is not considered necessary to maintain M. bovis in populations, and M. bovis is commonly detected in asymptomatic adult feedlot cattle (2). Although the upper respiratory tract mucosa is a primary site for M. bovis colonization, presence of the bacterium in the lung is variable in occurrence and clinical manifestation. In 1 study, M. bovis was detected in 46% of cattle with normal lungs, 82% of cattle with acute fibrinous pneumonia, and 98% of cattle with chronic pneumonia (3). Manifestation of M. bovis-associated respiratory disease is particularly common in the wake of stress (e.g., from transportation, comingling, feedlot entry, and harsh temperatures or conditions). In the early 2000s, M. bovis caused several highmortality (case-fatality rate 45%) epizootics in bison (Bison bison) in North America (4). These events raised concern about emergent virulent strains, and research began to characterize isolates from different host species (5). An important difference between outbreaks of mycoplasmosis in bison and cattle is that, in the former, few or no co-infecting bacterial or viral pathogens are consistently detected (4,6-8). Although M. bovis virulence factors are poorly defined, evasion of immune response is implicated in maintaining chronic infection (9). One study found that that up to 79% of bison herds in western Canada have >1 M. bovis-seropositive animal and that 8 of 11 herds with no history of M. bovis disease had seropositive animals (10). These findings suggest that host response to M. bovis varies; some exposed bison become subclinical carriers and might also
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