Sustainable and responsible investing (SRI) is a strategy that seeks to combine both financial return and social good. The need to create and preserve SRI represents a key argument in investment decision-making, which leads other firms and investors to make strategic decisions beyond financial logic, based on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. Within this framework, this paper aims to further clarify the understanding of potentially profitable strategies for firms during a global crisis such as a pandemic. Both primary and secondary data were gathered, and descriptive analyses were conducted. In Spain, several IBEX-35 companies announced donations amid the COVID-19 crisis. First, companies were classified into two groups based on donations made. For this, we searched for ESG online news. Then, profitability records amongst companies were identified and compared. In the trading session after the announcements, we found 12 of the 35 companies that made donations had a higher performance index of more than 2 and 3 points over the companies that did not make donations. With a weekly perspective, the difference was 91 and 60 basis points, respectively. These results suggest that in times of upheaval, investors base their strategy on ESG factors, contributing to the emerging literature on individual motives of SRI. Second, by conducting a survey and collecting data from 575 Spanish citizens, we conclude that after this crisis, people’s perceptions towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) will change, affecting consumption preferences in those companies that exhibited socially irresponsible or unsupportive behaviour. Hence, the reputation of firms, their social image, and social trust will play an important role in the near future.
ResumenCuando los ciudadanos votan en elecciones municipales, ¿tienen en cuenta solo factores a nivel nacional? O, por el contrario, ¿prestan también atención a elementos de carácter local? En este artículo sostenemos que la evaluación que hacen los ciudadanos de los candidatos a la alcaldía es un factor particularmente importante para explicar el sentido del voto en las elecciones locales en España. Para verificar empíricamente la existencia de esta relación, analizamos las elecciones de 1999, 2007 y 2011. Examinando una muestra relativamente heterogénea de municipios y gracias a las encuestas del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, demostramos el efecto de las evaluaciones de los candidatos a expensas de un papel menos pronunciado de la ideología. La evidencia aportada también apunta a que este patrón es más fuerte en municipios pequeños y para elecciones más recientes.
PalabRas ClaveCandidatos; Elecciones de segundo orden; Elecciones locales; España; Personalización. abstRaCt When voters cast their ballot in local elections, are they only taking into account national factors? Or do they, to the contrary, also pay attention to local elements? In this article we argue that voters' evaluations of candidates for mayor are particularly important to explain party choice in this type of subnational elections in Spain. To empirically verify the existence of this relationship, we focus on the 1999, 2007, and 2011 elections. By dwell-ing on a relatively heterogeneous sample of municipali-ties and working with surveys undertaken by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, we show the effect of candidates' evaluations at the expense of a less pronounced role of ideology. The provided evidence also suggests that this pattern becomes stronger in small municipalities and more recent elections.
RESUMENTanto Internet como las nuevas tecnologías tienen cada vez más importancia en las investigaciones académicas o profesionales que se realizan. Con este trabajo tratamos de analizar si las estadísticas de búsqueda en un buscador como Google tienen capacidad de predicción respecto al número visitantes que van a acudir a un museo. Se trata de demostrar científica-mente a través de un modelo econométrico que las estadísticas de búsqueda en Google sirven para conocer la posibilidad de visitantes de un museo. Con este artículo se pretenden realizar nuevas aportaciones a la gestión de los museos y sugerir la utilización de datos existentes que permitan conocer con cierta antelación la afluencia de público que se tendrá y así poder desarrollar estrategias.Palabras clave: Visitantes de museos, expectativas, Google Trends, turismo cultural, Internet.
Activity of searches in Internet like variable for deteminar the visitors to museums
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