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This article discusses the design analysis of a wideband rectenna (Antenna + Rectifier). It empowers low power devices, battery-less power sensors, and many Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The main focus of this work is divided into two parts. First, to develop the power to operate the wideband frequency of operation without system complexity. To obtain rectifier bandwidth sufficiently, L-section impedance matching with dual Schottky diode HSMS270B is proposed. Second, to improve the rectenna efficiency and output DC power. Wideband rectenna harvests the maximum RF power of 30.590 dBm, 1145.51 mW, 10.703 Volts at 3.2 GHz. The harvested power is easily available to power up the low powered sensor such as gas sensor (500-800 mW), pressure sensor (10-15 mW), and temperature sensor (0.5-5 mW). The peak conversion efficiency of the rectenna is 88.58% at 0 dBm, 34.70% at 10 dBm, and 53.52% at 20 dBm under the load resistance of 100 kΩ. The proposed work shows a 20-25% improvement in conversion efficiency with this approach. For efficient RF energy harvesting applications, the proposed rectenna is capable of covering a wideband application from 1.975 to 4.744 GHz with a single radiation patch. This shows that the novel approach of the considered work and the proposed rectenna has the specialty to capture more energy from a wide area at once.

Abstract-In Wireless Sensor Network, the energy efficiency is the key issue for designing the protocol because sensor nodes have one time battery backup. There are many modern protocols which extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network by efficiently using battery power of the sensor node. In this paper, we propose a new strategy and protocol Energy Level Bases Stable Election Protocol (ELBSEP) in Wireless Sensor Network. We analyze and compare the performance and results of modern protocols like LEACH, SEP, ESEP, TEEN and TSEP with ELBSEP. The simulation result shows that performance and throughput of our proposed protocol gives the effective and significant energy efficiency as well as more network lifetime compared to other protocols.

This work proposes a design of rectenna for Wi-Fi energy harvesting application at 2.42 GHz. The proposed antenna includes a modified rectangular patch and two circular radiating elements with partial ground, and adopts a total area of 80×80 mm 2 . With the partial ground structure, the proposed antenna shows a better reflection coefficient (S 11 ) at 2.42 GHz. The proposed antenna is a modified conventional patch antenna that shows its improved suitability for Wi-Fi energy harvesting at the targeted band. For rectenna, an impedance matching circuit based on microstrip transmission lines, radial stubs, and enhanced Greinacher voltage doubler rectifier circuits are designed. The rectifier circuit occupies a total area of 25×25 mm 2 . The antenna part of the rectenna exhibits quite good S 11 < −10 dB and 3.94 dB peak gain. To validate the design experimentally, a prototype of the proposed rectenna is also fabricated. The measured result indicates that at the resonant frequency the rectenna achieves the peak efficiency of 78.53%, and the output voltage is 4.7 V at 0 dBm input power.

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