Objectives. To assess the association between exposure to the US criminal legal system and well-being. Methods. We used data from the 2018 Family History of Incarceration Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional study of family incarceration experience (n = 2815), which includes measures of participants’ own criminal legal system exposure, including police stops, arrests, and incarceration. We measured well-being across 5 domains—physical, mental, social, spiritual, and overall life evaluation—and analyzed trends in well-being by criminal legal system exposure using logistic regression. Results. Exposure to police stops, arrests, and incarceration were each associated with lower well-being in every domain compared with those not exposed. Longer durations of incarceration and multiple incarcerations were associated with progressively lower well-being. Those who were stopped and frisked by the police had low well-being similar to that of those who had been incarcerated multiple times. Conclusions. Any exposure to police contact or incarceration is associated with lower well-being in every domain. More involved exposure is associated with even lower well-being. Public Health Implications. Jail diversion and broader criminal justice reform may improve population-level well-being by reducing police contact and incarceration.
Background: Brazil has the second highest annual number of new leprosy cases. The aim of this study is to formally compare predictions of future new case detection rate (NCDR) trends and the annual probability of NCDR falling below 10/100,000 of four different modelling approaches in four states of Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte, Amazonas, Ceará, Tocantins. Methods: A linear mixed model, a back-calculation approach, a deterministic compartmental model and an individual-based model were used. All models were fitted to leprosy data obtained from the Brazilian national database (SINAN). First, models were fitted to the data up to 2011, and predictions were made for NCDR for 2012–2014. Second, data up to 2014 were considered and forecasts of NCDR were generated for each year from 2015 to 2040. The resulting distributions of NCDR and the probability of NCDR being below 10/100,000 of the population for each year were then compared between approaches. Results: Each model performed well in model fitting and the short-term forecasting of future NCDR. Long-term forecasting of NCDR and the probability of NCDR falling below 10/100,000 differed between models. All agree that the trend of NCDR will continue to decrease in all states until 2040. Reaching a NCDR of less than 10/100,000 by 2020 was only likely in Rio Grande do Norte. Prediction until 2040 showed that the target was also achieved in Amazonas, while in Ceará and Tocantins the NCDR most likely remain (far) above 10/100,000. Conclusions: All models agree that, while incidence is likely to decline, achieving a NCDR below 10/100,000 by 2020 is unlikely in some states. Long-term prediction showed a downward trend with more variation between models, but highlights the need for further control measures to reduce the incidence of new infections if leprosy is to be eliminated.
Key Points Question Is the incarceration of a family member associated with well-being and projected life expectancy? Findings In this cross-sectional study including 2815 individuals, any family member incarceration was associated with lower well-being and a projected 2.6-year reduction in life expectancy compared with no family member incarceration experience. Among those with any family incarceration, Black respondents had an estimated 0.5 fewer years of projected life expectancy compared with White respondents. Meaning These findings suggest that efforts to decarcerate may improve population-level health and well-being by reducing racial disparities and detrimental outcomes associated with incarceration for nonincarcerated family members.
Purpose Recent studies suggest that adult pituitary stem cells may play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis. We sought to explore whether the Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (GFRα2), a recently described pituitary stem/progenitor marker, might be differentially expressed in pituitary adenomas versus normal pituitary. Methods The expression of GFRα2 and other members of the GFR receptor family (GFRα1, α3, α4) were analyzed using RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry in 39 pituitary adenomas, 14 normal pituitary glands obtained at autopsy, and cDNA from 3 normal pituitaries obtained commercially. Results GFRα2 mRNA was ~2.6 fold under-expressed in functioning adenomas (P <0.01) and ~3.5 fold over-expressed in non-functioning adenomas (NFAs) (P <0.05) compared to normal pituitary. Among NFAs, GFRα2 was significantly over-expressed (~5-fold) in the gonadotropinoma subtype only (P<0.05). GFRα2 protein expression appeared to be higher in most NFAs, although there was heterogeneity in protein expression in this group. GFRα2 protein expression appeared consistently lower in functioning adenomas by IHC and western blot. In normal pituitary, GFRα2 was localized in Rathke’s remnant, the putative pituitary stem cell niche, and in corticotropes. Conclusion Our results suggest that the pituitary stem cell marker GFRα2 is under-expressed in functioning adenomas and over-expressed in NFAs, specifically gonadotropinomas. Further studies are required to elucidate whether over-expression of GFRα2 in gonadotropinomas might play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.