The AR is expressed in normal breast tissue, and expression decreases with advancement to DCIS and invasive cancer. AR-positive TNBC was more common in older patients and had a higher propensity for LN metastases. AR-positive TNBC may represent a breast cancer subtype with unique features that may be amenable to treatment with alternative targeted therapies.

Mutations in SETD2, a histone H3 lysine trimethyltransferase, have been identified in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however it is unclear if loss of SETD2 function alters the genomic distribution of histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) in ccRCC. Furthermore, published epigenomic profiles are not specific to H3K36me3 or metastatic tumors. To determine if progressive SETD2 and H3K36me3 dysregulation occurs in metastatic tumors, H3K36me3, SETD2 copy number, or SETD2 mRNA abundance was assessed in two independent cohorts: metastatic ccRCC (n=71) and The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma dataset (n=413). Although SETD2 copy number loss occurs with high-frequency (>90%), H3K36me3 is not significantly impacted by monoallelic loss of SETD2. H3K36me3-positive nuclei were reduced an average of ∼20% in primary ccRCC (90% positive nuclei in uninvolved vs 70% positive nuclei in ccRCC) and reduced by ∼60% in metastases (90% positive in uninvolved kidney vs 30% positive in metastases) (P<.001). To define a kidney-specific H3K36me3 profile, we generated genome-wide H3K36me3 profiles from four cytoreductive nephrectomies and SETD2 isogenic RCC cell lines using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing. SETD2 loss of methyltransferase activity leads to regional alterations of H3K36me3 associated with aberrant RNA splicing in a SETD2 mutant RCC and SETD2 knockout cell line. These data suggest that during progression of ccRCC, a decline in H3K36me3 is observed in distant metastases, and regional H3K36me3 alterations influence alternative splicing in ccRCC.

Digital ureteroscopes are the latest trend in the evolution of endourology. It appears that a disposable ureteroscope may be cost beneficial at centers with a lower case volume per year. However, institutions with a high volume of cases may find reusable ureteroscopes cost beneficial.