Abstruct-Implementation of the adaptive resonance theory (ART) of neural networks has been a thorny problem for several years. This work presents a novel solution to the problem by using an optical correlator, allowing the large body of correlator research to be leveraged in the implementation of ART. The implementation takes advantage of the fact that one ART-based architecture, known as ART1, can be broken into several parts, some of which are better to implement in parallel. The control structure of ART, often regarded as its most complex part, is actually not very time consuming and can be done in electronics. The bottom-up and top-down gated pathways, however, are very time consuming to simulate and are difficult to implement directly in electronics due to the high number of interconnections. Tbo face simplify this. The first is that the pathways are computing a set of inner products. These inner products represent as least 80% of the computation time of the ARTl implementation. The second insight, our contribution, is that implementing the inner products optically, and the rest of the network in electronics, is a very effective marriage of the two technologies to realize the ARTl network. In addition to the design, we present experiments with a laboratory prototype to illustrate its feasibility and to discuss implementation details that arise in practice. This device potentially can significantly outperform alternative implementations of ARTl by as much as two to three orders of magnitude in problems requiring especially large input fields. It should be noted that all of these results apply to just one of the various ART architectures, known as ART1, but that other ART networks and other neural nets in general also use inner products and could benefit from this work as well.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are rarely elicited by current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine designs, but the presence of bNAbs in naturally infected individuals may be associated with high plasma viral loads, suggesting that the magnitude, duration, and diversity of viral exposure may contribute to the development of bNAbs. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from two subjects who developed broadly neutralizing autologous antibody responses during HIV-1 infection. In both subjects, we identified collections of mAbs that exhibited specificity only to a few autologous envelopes (Envs), with some mAbs exhibiting specificity only to a subset of Envs within the quasispecies of a particular sample at one time point. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) isolated from these subjects mapped mostly to epitopes in the Env V3 loop region and the CD4 binding site. None of the individual neutralizing mAbs recovered exhibited the cumulative breadth of neutralization present in the serum of the subjects. Surprisingly, however, the activity of polyclonal mixtures comprising individual mAbs that each possessed limited neutralizing activity, could achieve increased breadth of neutralizing activity against autologous isolates. While a single broadly neutralizing antibody targeting one epitope can mediate neutralization breadth, the findings presented here suggest that a cooperative polyclonal process mediated by diverse antibodies with more limited breadth targeting multiple epitopes also can achieve neutralization breadth against HIV-1.
A novel adaptive resonance (ART) device has been conceived that is fully optical in the input-output processing path. This device is based on holographic information processing in a phase-conjugating crystal. This sets up an associative pattern retrieval in a resonating loop utilizing angle-multiplexed reference beams for pattern classification. A reset mechanism is used to reject any given beam, allowing an ART search strategy. The design is similar to an existing non-learning optical associative memory, but does allow learning and makes use of information the other device discards. This new device is expected to offer higher information storage density than alternative ART implementations.
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