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Summary Hydraulic fracturing in shale-gas reservoirs has often resulted in complex-fracture-network growth, as evidenced by microseismic monitoring. The nature and degree of fracture complexity must be understood clearly to optimize stimulation design and completion strategy. Unfortunately, the existing single-planar-fracture models used in the industry today are not able to simulate complex fracture networks. A new hydraulic-fracture model is developed to simulate complex-fracture-network propagation in a formation with pre-existing natural fractures. The model solves a system of equations governing fracture deformation, height growth, fluid flow, and proppant transport in a complex fracture network with multiple propagating fracture tips. The interaction between a hydraulic fracture and pre-existing natural fractures is taken into account by using an analytical crossing model and is validated against experimental data. The model is able to predict whether a hydraulic-fracture front crosses or is arrested by a natural fracture it encounters, which leads to complexity. It also considers the mechanical interaction among the adjacent fractures (i.e., the "stress shadow" effect). An efficient numerical scheme is used in the model so it can simulate the complex problem in a relatively short computation time to allow for day-to-day engineering design use. Simulation results from the new complex-fracture model show that stress anisotropy, natural fractures, and interfacial friction play critical roles in creating fracture-network complexity. Decreasing stress anisotropy or interfacial friction can change the induced-fracture geometry from a biwing fracture to a complex fracture network for the same initial natural fractures. The results presented illustrate the importance of rock fabrics and stresses on fracture complexity in unconventional reservoirs. These results have major implications for matching microseismic observations and improving fracture stimulation design.

A series of new N-halamine epoxide precursors, 3-glycidyl-5,5-dialkylhydantoins (GH's), has been synthesized by a very facile and economic method. Cellulose surfaces can be treated with GH's and rendered biocidal by exposure to halogen solutions after curing the treated material. The biocidal efficacy tests showed that the chlorinated treated cellulose surfaces were antimicrobial with contact times required for 6-7 log reductions of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 of 5-30 min. It was found in simulated washing tests that celluloses, such as cotton swatches, treated with 3-glycidyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin were quite stable and could survive more than the equivalent of 50 repeated home launderings with very little loss. Upon loss of the biocidal property due to long-term use, the treated surfaces could be recharged by further exposure to dilute bleach to regain antimicrobial activity. In addition, since only water was used as a solvent for the synthesis of GH's at room temperature, the reaction solution could be directly used as a treatment solution. Stability tests showed that the reaction solutions were relatively stable at room temperature and more stable at 5 °C over a period of at least 30 d. Preliminary experiments have shown that polyester swatches can also be treated with GH's and be rendered biocidal upon treatment with household bleach. The entire process should be economical for commercial application.