Communications film, resulting in terraces of bilayer steps. The regions of arachidic acid in the mixed LB film can be removed by washing in ethanol to leave behind islands of cadmium arachidate molecules. ExperimentalLangmuir-Blodgett films of arachidic acidicadmium arachidate were prepared using a constant-perimeter barrier trough (purpose-built) located in a Class 10000 microelectronics clean room. The subphase was ultrapure water obtained from a commercial reverse osmosisideionizationiUV sterilization system. The arachidic acid (eicosanoic acid) was obtained from Sigma (99 % purity). For salt formation, CdCIp (BDH, Analar Grade) was added to the suhphase to give an overall concentration of 2.5 x lo4 M. The pH was adjusted to 5.7i0.1 by the addition of HCI (BDH, Aristar Grade) or ammonia solution (BDH, Aristar Grade). Transfer of the floating monolayers onto hydrophilic silicon wafers ((100) orientation) was undertaken at a suhphase temperature of 19i1 "C and a deposition pressure of 30 mN m-'. The dipping speed was 2 mm m i d . Transfer ratios for all the monolayers deposited were 1.0oi0.05.A Digital Instruments Nanoscope Ill atomic force microscope was used to examine the topographical nature of the arachidic acidicadmium arachidate LB film surface following dipping and after washing in ethanol (to remove the free acid). All of the high resolution AFM images were acquired in air at room temperature using the contact mode and a 1 pm x 1 pm piezoelectric scan head. A 200 pm narrow-legged silicon nitride cantilever with a small spring-constant ( k = 0.06 Nm-') was used to minimize film damage due to high contact forces. The lower resolution images were acquired in air using the tapping mode in conjunction with a 10 ym x 10 Fm piezoelectric scan head. This technique employs a stiff silicon cantilever oscillating at a large amplitude near its resonance frequency (several hundred kilohertz) which is detected by an optical beam system. AFM images are presented as unfiltered data in gray-scale and were found to be stable and unchanged over long periods of observation.

We report low-temperature charge transport measurements of metal−molecule−metal junctions. Studies on insulating alkyl and π-conjugated molecular wires provide experimental insight into the coupling between tunnel charge carriers and molecular vibrations in molecular electronic systems. By comparison with other vibrational spectroscopy studies and density functional theory calculations, the observed vibrational peaks have been assigned to longitudinal modes of the molecules.

Charge transport studies across molecular length scales under symmetric and asymmetric metal-molecule contact conditions using a simple crossed-wire tunnel junction technique are presented. It is demonstrated that oligo(phenylene ethynylene), a conjugated organic molecule, acts like a molecular wire under symmetric contact conditions, but exhibits characteristics of a molecular diode when the connections are asymmetric. To understand this behavior, we have calculated current-voltage (I-V) characteristics using extended Huckel theory coupled with a Green's function approach. The experimentally observed I-V characteristics are in excellent qualitative agreement with the theory.

Molecular electronics has been proposed as a pathway for high-density nanoelectronic devices. This pathway involves the development of a molecular memory device based on reversible switching of a molecule between two conducting states in response to a trigger, such as an applied voltage. Here we demonstrate that voltage-triggered switching is indeed a molecular phenomenon by carrying out studies on the same molecule using three different experimental configurations-scanning tunnelling microscopy, crossed-wire junction, and magnetic-bead junction. We also demonstrate that voltage-triggered switching is distinctly different from stochastic switching, essentially a transient (time-dependent) phenomenon that is independent of the applied voltage.

Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics for metal-molecule-metal junctions formed from three classes of molecules measured with a simple crossed-wire molecular electronics test-bed are reported. Junction conductance as a function of molecular structure is consistent with I-V characteristics calculated from extended Hückel theory coupled with a Green's function approach, and can be understood on the basis of bond-length alternation.