A simple method for the preparation of a Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane aromatization was established by formic acid impregnation and in-situ treatment. The catalyst prepared by this novel method showed remarkably superior activity of propane aromatization. Under the conditions: T = 540 °C, P = 100 kPa, WHSV = 6000 ml/(g·h) and with a N 2 /C 3 H 8 molar ratio of 2, the highest propane conversion and 10 selectivity of BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) on H-Ga/SNSA catalyst achieved was 53.6% and 58.0% respectively, much higher than that of the catalyst prepared using traditional impregnation method (38.8% and 48.2%). The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption, ICP-AES, DRIFT, Py-FTIR, NH 3 -TPD, H 2 -TPR, XPS and 27 Al MAS NMR techniques. The characterization data indicated that this facile methodology enhanced the dispersion of Ga species and promoted the formation of highly 15 dispersed (GaO) + species, which could exchange acidic protons (Brønsted acid sites) of the zeolite framework contributing to the strong Lewis acidity. The super catalytic behavior was attributed to the synergistic effect between strong Lewis acid sites generated by the (GaO) + species and the Brønsted acid sites. 75
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects mainly the porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). Previous studies have analyzed the global gene expression profiles of lung tissue in vivo and PAMs in vitro following infection with PRRSV, however, transcriptome-wide understanding of the interaction between highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) and PAMs in vivo has not yet been established. In this study, we employed Affymetrix microarrays to investigate the gene expression patterns of PAMs isolated from Tongcheng piglets (a Chinese indigenous breed) after infection with HP-PRRSV. During the infection, Tongcheng piglets exhibited typical clinical signs, e.g. fever, asthma, coughing, anorexia, lethargy and convulsion, but displayed mild regional lung damage at 5 and 7 dpi. Microarray analysis revealed that HP-PRRSV infection has affected PAMs in expression of the important genes involved in cytoskeleton and exocytosis organization, protein degradation and folding, intracellular calcium and zinc homeostasis. Several potential antiviral strategies might be employed in PAMs, including upregulating IFN-induced genes and increasing intracellular zinc ion concentration. And inhibition of the complement system likely attenuated the lung damage during HP-PRRSV infection. Transcriptomic analysis of PAMs in vivo could lead to a better understanding of the HP-PRRSV-host interaction, and to the identification of novel antiviral therapies and genetic components of swine tolerance/susceptibility to HP-PRRS.
A kind of core-shell catalyst with Fe-Zn-Zr as the core and a zeolite (HZSM-5, Hbeta, and HY) as the shell was synthesized by a simple cladding method. The catalyst has an obvious confinement effect on the synthesis of isoalkanes by CO2 hydrogenation. Especially, the Fe-Zn-Zr@HZSM-5-Hbeta catalyst with a double-zeolite shell exhibits an extraordinary high i-HC/t-HC ratio.
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