A maximum power density of 1.838 W m−2 is achieved and 30 LEDs can be lighted up by the cumulative water droplets driven freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator demonstrating the great potential for hydrodynamic energy harvesting from rain.

Development of ocean energy conversion technique is a strategic requirement to optimize the energy structure and expand the "blue economic" space. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) provides a potential approach for efficiently capturing wave energy with its unique advantages. Herein, a nodding duck structure multi-track freestanding triboelectric-layer nanogenerator (NDM-FTENG) is developed for ocean wave energy harvesting at a low-frequency range. Configuration parameters including track numbers, connection approach, oscillation frequency, and swing amplitude on electrical output performances of NDM-FTENG are systematically investigated and optimized; the maximum instantaneous power density of 4 W/m 3 is obtained by one NDM-FTENG block with 320 LEDs lighted up simultaneously. Overall, NDM-FTENG is proved to be an efficient device for driving small electronics with excellent stability and durability in a real water wave environment, and the power potential can be further magnified by combining more NDM-FTENG devices in parallel to form a network toward large-scale blue energy harvesting.

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